This work explores the intellectual evolution from the 12th to the 18th centuries in the context of Latin philosophy, tracing the developments in theology, metaphysics, and natural philosophy that shaped the medieval and modern worldview. The study highlights key figures such as Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, John Duns Scotus, and Roger Bacon, analyzing their contributions to the scholastic tradition, the integration of Aristotelian thought with Christian theology, and the rise of empirical science. The text also examines the tensions between faith and reason, the impact of the rise of humanism, the challenges posed by the Reformation, and the eventual shift toward modernity during the Scientific Revolution. Through the study of these intellectual currents, this work reveals how medieval and early modern thinkers navigated the complex relationship between philosophy, religion, and the natural world, laying the groundwork for the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the birth of modern philosophy and science. The exploration of key texts, ideas, and historical events offers a comprehensive understanding of the philosophical transformations that paved the way for the intellectual and cultural changes of the early modern period.
