Springer Optical Sciences

Physics and Applications

By: Harald Schneider, Hui C. Liu

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Hardcover | 5 October 2006

At a Glance

Hardcover
268 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.88 x 1.27

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Addressed to both students as a learning text and scientists/engineers as a reference, this book discusses the physics and applications of quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). It is assumed that the reader has a basic background in quantum mechanics, solid-state physics, and semiconductor devices. To make this book as widely accessible as possible, the treatment and presentation of the materials is simple and straightforward. The topics for the book were chosen by the following criteria: they must be well-established and understood; and they should have been, or potentially will be, used in practical applications. The monograph discusses most aspects relevant for the field but omits, at the same time, detailed discussions of specialized topics such as the valence-band quantum wells.

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Introduction	p. 1
Physics
Basics of Infrared Detection	p. 5
Blackbody Radiation	p. 5
Signal, Noise, and Noise-Equivalent Power	p. 7
Detectivity and Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference	p. 10
Semiconductor Quantum Wells and Intersubband Transitions	p. 13
Quantum Wells	p. 13
Intersubband Transitions	p. 13
Intersubband Transition: More Details	p. 18
Basic Formulae	p. 18
Calculations for a Symmetric Quantum Well	p. 21
Transfer-Matrix Method	p. 27
Corrections to the Intersubband Energy and Lineshape	p. 29
Coulomb Interaction	p. 29
Many-Particle Effects	p. 31
Further Interactions	p. 34
Band Nonparabolicity	p. 36
Intersubband Relaxation and Carrier Capture	p. 39
Electron-Phonon Interaction	p. 40
Electron-Impurity and Electron-Electron Scattering	p. 41
Photoconductive QWIP	p. 45
Dark Current	p. 45
Simple Models	p. 45
Self-Consistent and Numerical Models	p. 55
Photocurrent	p. 57
Photoconductive Gain	p. 57
Detector Responsivity	p. 64
Detector Performance	p. 65
Detector Noise	p. 65
Detectivity and Blip Condition	p. 67
Design of an Optimized Detector	p. 72
THz QWIPs	p. 75
Design Considerations	p. 76
Experimental and Discussion	p. 77
Photovoltaic QWIP	p. 83
General Concept	p. 83
The Four-Zone QWIP	p. 85
Transport Mechanism and Device Structure	p. 85
Responsivity and Dark Current	p. 88
Noise	p. 89
Detectivity	p. 92
Time Dependence	p. 93
Theoretical Performance of Low-Noise QWIPs	p. 94
Optical Coupling	p. 97
Simple Experimental Geometries	p. 97
Gratings for Focal Plane Arrays	p. 100
Strong Coupling in Waveguides, Polaritons, and Vacuum-Field Rabi Splitting	p. 104
Miscellaneous Effects	p. 107
Intersubband Absorption Saturation	p. 107
Nonlinear Transport and Optical Effects	p. 109
Extrinsic (Photoconductive) Nonlinearity	p. 109
Negative Differential Photoconductivity and Electric Field Domains	p. 115
Intrinsic Nonlinearity	p. 121
Asymmetry Caused by Dopant Segregation	p. 123
Coherent Photocurrent	p. 125
Coherent Control by Optical Fields	p. 125
Coherent Control Through Potential Offsets	p. 128
Impact Ionization and Avalanche Multiplication	p. 131
Radiation Hardness	p. 135
Related Structures and Devices	p. 139
High Absorption QWIPs	p. 139
Absorption Measurements	p. 139
Detector Characteristics	p. 141
Multicolor QWIPs	p. 144
Voltage Switched Multicolor QWIP	p. 146
Voltage Tuned Multicolor QWIP	p. 149
Interband and Intersubband Dual-band Detectors	p. 151
Using the Same Quantum Well	p. 151
Stacked QWIP and PIN	p. 158
Integrated QWIP-LED	p. 161
Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector	p. 163
Anticipated Advantages and Current Status	p. 165
Areas for Improvement	p. 170
Single Well and Blocked Miniband QWIPs	p. 170
Transistors and Monolithic Integration	p. 172
Applications
Thermal Imaging	p. 175
Signal, Noise, and Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference	p. 175
Signal Detection	p. 175
Detector Noise	p. 177
System Noise	p. 178
Thermal Resolution	p. 179
Fixed-Pattern Noise and NETD of an Array	p. 181
Modulation Transfer Function	p. 183
QWIP Cameras	p. 185
Fabrication of QWIP FPAs	p. 185
System Integration	p. 187
Camera Performance	p. 188
MWIR/LWIR Dual-Band QWIP FPA	p. 190
Detector Concept	p. 191
Array Fabrication and FPA Layout	p. 193
Properties of Dual-Band QWIP Test Devices	p. 194
System Integration and Dual-Band QWIP FPA Performance	p. 195
Opportunities for QWIP FPAs in Thermal Imaging	p. 196
Alternative Architecture and New Functionality of QWIP FPAs	p. 199
Dynamics, Ultrafast, and Heterodyne	p. 203
Dynamic Processes in QWIPs	p. 203
Quantum Well Recharging	p. 204
Picosecond Photocurrent	p. 208
High Frequency and Heterodyne QWIPs	p. 213
Microwave Rectification	p. 213
Heterodyne Detection	p. 216
Two-Photon QWIP	p. 220
Equidistant Three-Level System for Quadratic Detection	p. 220
Autocorrelation of Subpicosecond Optical Pulses	p. 223
Externally Switchable Quadratic and Linear Response	p. 225
Conclusions and outlook	p. 229
References	p. 231
Index	p. 247
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Springer Optical Sciences

Physics and Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

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Defective items

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