| Preface | p. xi |
| The Problem of Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Solution Methods | p. 3 |
| The Situation Today with Regard to Solving Optimal Control Problems | p. 12 |
| References | p. 13 |
| Primer Vector Theory and Applications | p. 16 |
| Introduction | p. 16 |
| First-Order Necessary Conditions | p. 17 |
| Solution to the Primer Vector Equation | p. 23 |
| Application of Primer Vector Theory to an Optimal Impulsive Trajectory | p. 24 |
| References | p. 36 |
| Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization Using Direct Transcription and Nonlinear Programming | p. 37 |
| Introduction | p. 37 |
| Transcription Methods | p. 40 |
| Selection of Coordinates | p. 52 |
| Modeling Propulsion Systems | p. 60 |
| Generating an Initial Guess | p. 62 |
| Computational Considerations | p. 65 |
| Verifying Optimally | p. 71 |
| References | p. 76 |
| Elements of a Software System for Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization | p. 79 |
| Introduction | p. 79 |
| Trajectory Model | p. 80 |
| Equations of Motion | p. 85 |
| Finite Burn Control Models | p. 85 |
| Solution Methods | p. 90 |
| Trajectory Design and Optimization Examples | p. 93 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 110 |
| References | p. 110 |
| Low-Thrust Trajectory Optimization Using Orbital Averaging and Control Parameterization | p. 112 |
| Introduction and Background | p. 112 |
| Low-Thrust Trajectory Optimization | p. 113 |
| Numerical Results | p. 125 |
| Conclusions | p. 136 |
| Nomenclature | p. 136 |
| References | p. 138 |
| Analytic Representations of Optimal Low-Thrust Transfer in Circular Orbit | p. 139 |
| lntroduction | p. 139 |
| The Optimal Unconstrained Transfer | p. 141 |
| The Optimal Transfer with Altitude Constraints | p. 145 |
| The Split-Sequence Transfers | p. 157 |
| References | p. 177 |
| Global Optimization and Space Pruning for Spacecraft Trajectory Design | p. 178 |
| Introduction | p. 178 |
| Notation | p. 179 |
| Problem Transcription | p. 179 |
| The MGA Problem | p. 181 |
| The MGA-1DSM Problem | p. 183 |
| Benchmark Problems | p. 186 |
| Global Optimization | p. 190 |
| Space Pruning | p. 194 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 197 |
| p. 198 |
| p. 199 |
| References | p. 200 |
| Incremental Techniques for Global Space Trajectory Design | p. 202 |
| Introduction | p. 202 |
| Modeling MGA Trajectories | p. 203 |
| The Incremental Approach | p. 209 |
| Testing Procedure and Performance Indicators | p. 216 |
| Case Studies | p. 221 |
| Conclusions | p. 234 |
| References | p. 235 |
| Optimal Low-Thrust Trajectories Using Stable Manifolds | p. 238 |
| Introduction | p. 238 |
| System Dynamics | p. 240 |
| Basics of Trajectory Optimization | p. 247 |
| Generation of Periodic Orbit Constructed as an Optimization Problem | p. 250 |
| Optimal Earth Orbit to Lunar Orbit Transfer: Part 1-GTO to Periodic Orbit | p. 253 |
| Optimal Earth Orbit to Lunar Orbit Transfer: Part 2-Periodic Orbit to Low-Lunar Orbit | p. 256 |
| Extension of the Work to Interplanetary Flight | p. 259 |
| Conclusions | p. 260 |
| References | p. 26l |
| Swarming Theory Applied to Space Trajectory Optimization | p. 263 |
| Introduction | p. 263 |
| Description of the Method | p. 266 |
| Lyapunov Periodic Orbits | p. 269 |
| Lunar Periodic Orbits | p. 274 |
| Optimal Low-Impulse Orbital Rendezvous | p. 277 |
| Optimal Low-Thrust Orbital Transfers | p. 284 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 290 |
| References | p. 291 |
| Index | p. 295 |
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