Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Wireless History 1
1.2 MIMO Promise 2
1.3 Introducing Space Modulation Techniques (SMTs) 3
1.4 Advanced SMTs 4
1.4.1 Space–Time Shift Keying (STSK) 4
1.4.2 Index Modulation (IM) 4
1.4.3 Differential SMTs 5
1.4.4 OpticalWireless SMTs 6
1.5 Book Organization 6
2 MIMO System and ChannelModels 9
2.1 MIMO System Model 9
2.2 SpatialMultiplexing MIMO Systems 11
2.3 MIMO Capacity 11
2.4 MIMO ChannelModels 13
2.4.1 Rayleigh Fading 15
2.4.2 Nakagami-n (Rician Fading) 15
2.4.3 Nakagami-m Fading 16
2.4.4 The ?–? MIMO Channel 17
2.4.5 The ?–? Distribution 20
2.4.6 The ?–? Distribution 23
2.5 Channel Imperfections 26
2.5.1 Spatial Correlation 26
2.5.1.1 Simulating SC Matrix 29
2.5.1.2 Effect of SC on MIMO Capacity 31
2.5.2 Mutual Coupling 31
2.5.2.1 Effect of MC on MIMO Capacity 33
2.5.3 Channel Estimation Errors 34
2.5.3.1 Impact of Channel Estimation Error on the MIMO Capacity 34
3 SpaceModulation Transmission and Reception Techniques 35
3.1 Space Shift Keying (SSK) 36
3.2 Generalized Space Shift Keying (GSSK) 39
3.3 SpatialModulation (SM) 41
3.4 Generalized SpatialModulation (GSM) 44
3.5 Quadrature Space Shift Keying (QSSK) 45
3.6 Quadrature SpatialModulation (QSM) 48
3.7 Generalized QSSK (GQSSK) 53
3.8 Generalized QSM (GQSM) 55
3.9 Advanced SMTs 55
3.9.1 Differential Space Shift Keying (DSSK) 55
3.9.2 Differential SpatialModulation (DSM) 60
3.9.3 Differential Quadrature SpatialModulation (DQSM) 60
3.9.4 Space–Time Shift Keying (STSK) 65
3.9.5 Trellis Coded-Spatial Modulation (TCSM) 66
3.10 Complexity Analysis of SMTs 69
3.10.1 Computational Complexity of the ML Decoder 69
3.10.2 Low-Complexity Sphere Decoder Receiver for SMTs 70
3.10.2.1 SMT-Rx Detector 70
3.10.2.2 SMT-Tx Detector 71
3.10.2.3 Single Spatial Symbol SMTs (SS-SMTs) 71
3.10.2.4 Double Spatial Symbols SMTs (DS-SMTs) 72
3.10.2.5 Computational Complexity 73
3.10.2.6 Error Probability Analysis and Initial Radius 74
3.11 Transmitter Power Consumption Analysis 75
3.11.1 Power Consumption Comparison 77
3.12 Hardware Cost 80
3.12.1 Hardware Cost Comparison 81
3.13 SMTs Coherent and Noncoherent Spectral Efficiencies 82
4 Average Bit Error Probability Analysis for SMTs 85
4.1 Average Error Probability over Rayleigh Fading Channels 85
4.1.1 SM and SSK with Perfect Channel Knowledge at the Receiver 85
4.1.1.1 Single Receive Antenna (Nr = 1) 86
4.1.1.2 Arbitrary Number of Receive Antennas (Nr) 88
4.1.1.3 Asymptotic Analysis 89
4.1.2 SM and SSK in the Presence of Imperfect Channel Estimation 90
4.1.2.1 Single Receive Antenna (Nr = 1) 91
4.1.2.2 Arbitrary Number of Receive Antennas (Nr) 92
4.1.2.3 Asymptotic Analysis 92
4.1.3 QSM with Perfect Channel Knowledge at the Receiver 94
4.1.4 QSM in the Presence of Imperfect Channel Estimation 96
4.2 A General Framework for SMTs Average Error Probability over Generalized Fading Channels and in the Presence of Spatial Correlation and Imperfect Channel Estimation 98
4.3 Average Error Probability Analysis of Differential SMTs 101
4.4 Comparative Average Bit Error Rate Results 103
4.4.1 SMTs, GSMTs, and QSMTs ABER Comparisons 103
4.4.2 Differential SMTs Results 107
5 Information Theoretic Treatment for SMTs 109
5.1 Evaluating the Mutual Information 110
5.1.1 Classical SpatialMultiplexing MIMO 110
5.1.2 SMTs 111
5.2 Capacity Analysis 114
5.2.1 SMX 114
5.2.2 SMTs 115
5.2.2.1 Classical SMTs Capacity Analysis 115
5.2.2.2 SMTs Capacity Analysis by Maximing over Spatial and Constellation Symbols 119
5.3 Achieving SMTs Capacity 121
5.3.1 SSK 121
5.3.2 SM 124
5.4 Information Theoretic Analysis in the Presence of Channel Estimation Errors 128
5.4.1 Evaluating the Mutual Information 128
5.4.1.1 Classical SpatialMultiplexing MIMO 128
5.4.1.2 SMTs 129
5.4.2 Capacity Analysis 131
5.4.2.1 SpatialMultiplexing MIMO 131
5.4.2.2 SMTs 134
5.4.3 Achieving SMTs Capacity 135
5.4.3.1 SSK 135
5.4.3.2 SM 136
5.5 Mutual Information Performance Comparison 138
6 Cooperative SMTs 141
6.1 Amplify and Forward (AF) Relaying 141
6.1.1 Average Error Probability Analysis 143
6.1.1.1 Asymptotic Analysis 147
6.1.1.2 Numerical Results 147
6.1.2 Opportunistic AF Relaying 149
6.1.2.1 Average Error Probability Analysis 151
6.1.2.2 Asymptotic Analysis 152
6.2 Decode and Forward (DF) Relaying 152
6.2.1 Multiple single-antenna DF relays 152
6.2.2 Single DF Relay with Multiple Antennas 153
6.2.3 Average Error Potability Analysis 154
6.2.3.1 Multiple Single-Antenna DF Relays 154
6.2.3.2 Single DF Relay with Multiple-Antennas 157
6.2.3.3 Numerical Results 157
6.3 Two-Way Relaying (2WR) SMTs 158
6.3.1 The Transmission Phase 159
6.3.2 The Relaying Phase 161
6.3.3 Average Error Probability Analysis 162
6.3.3.1 Numerical Results 165
7 SMTs for Millimeter-Wave Communications 167
7.1 Line of Sight mmWave Channel Model 168
7.1.1 Capacity Analysis 168
7.1.1.1 SM 168
7.1.1.2 QSM 169
7.1.1.3 Randomly Spaced Antennas 169
7.1.1.4 Capacity Performance Comparison 172
7.1.2 Average Bit Error Rate Results 174
7.2 Outdoor Millimeter-Wave Communications 3D Channel Model 175
7.2.1 Capacity Analysis 179
7.2.2 Average Bit Error Rate Results 182
8 Summary and Future Directions 185
8.1 Summary 185
8.2 Future Directions 187
8.2.1 SMTs with Reconfigurable Antennas (RAs) 187
8.2.2 Practical Implementation of SMTs 188
8.2.3 Index Modulation and SMTs 188
8.2.4 SMTs for OpticalWireless Communications 189
A MatlabCodes 191
A.1 Generating the Constellation Diagrams 191
A.1.1 SSK 191
A.1.2 GSSK 192
A.1.3 SM 193
A.1.4 GSM 194
A.1.5 QSSK 195
A.1.6 QSM 196
A.1.7 GQSSK 197
A.1.8 GQSM 199
A.1.9 SMTs 200
A.1.10 DSSK 202
A.1.11 DSM 203
A.1.12 DSMTs 204
A.2 Receivers 205
A.2.1 SMTs ML Receiver 205
A.2.2 DSMTs ML Receiver 206
A.3 Analytical and Simulated ABER 207
A.3.1 ABER of SM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with No CSE 207
A.3.2 ABER of SM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with CSE 209
A.3.3 ABER of QSM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with No CSE 211
A.3.4 ABER of QSM over Rayleigh Fading Channels with CSE 214
A.3.5 Analytical ABER of SMTs over Generalized Fading Channels and with CSE and SC 216
A.3.6 Simulated ABER of SMTs Using Monte Carlo Simulation over Generalized Fading Channels and with CSE and SC 222
A.3.7 Analytical ABER of DSMTs over Generalized Fading Channels 228
A.3.8 Simulated ABER of DSMTs Using Monte Carlo Simulation over Generalized Fading Channels 232
A.4 Mutual Information and Capacity 235
A.4.1 SMTs Simulated Mutual Information over Generalized Fading Channels and with CSE 235
A.4.2 SMTs Capacity 240
References 243
Index 265
