About the authors xi Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
List of abbreviations xvii
1 The Smart Grid 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Why implement the Smart Grid now? 2
1.3 What is the Smart Grid? 6
1.4 Early Smart Grid initiatives 7
1.5 Overview of the technologies required for the Smart Grid 12
References 14
Part I INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
2 Data communication 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Dedicated and shared communication channels 19
2.3 Switching techniques 23
2.4 Communication channels 25
2.5 Layered architecture and protocols 35
References 43
3 Communication technologies for the Smart Grid 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Communication technologies 46
3.3 Standards for information exchange 62
References 66
4 Information security for the Smart Grid 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Encryption and decryption 70
4.3 Authentication 76
4.4 Digital signatures 77
4.5 Cyber security standards 79
References 80
Part II SENSING, MEASUREMENT, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES
5 Smart metering and demand-side integration 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Smart metering 84
5.3 Smart meters: An overview of the hardware used 86
5.4 Communications infrastructure and protocols for smart metering 96
5.5 Demand-side integration 99
References 111
6 Distribution automation equipment 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Substation automation equipment 114
6.3 Faults in the distribution system 125
6.4 Voltage regulation 135
References 139
7 Distribution management systems 141
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 Data sources and associated external systems 142
7.3 Modelling and analysis tools 144
7.4 Applications 165
References 171
8 Transmission system operation 173
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Data sources 173
8.3 Energy management systems 177
8.4 Wide area applications 179
8.5 Visualisation techniques 183
References 186
Part III POWER ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY STORAGE
9 Power electronic converters 189
9.1 Introduction 189
9.2 Current source converters 191
9.3 Voltage source converters 195
References 203
10 Power electronics in the Smart Grid 205
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Renewable energy generation 206
10.3 Fault current limiting 213
10.4 Shunt compensation 217
10.5 Series compensation 228
References 231
11 Power electronics for bulk power flows 233
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 FACTS 234
11.3 HVDC 248
References 257
12 Energy storage 259
12.1 Introduction 259
12.2 Energy storage technologies 263
12.3 Case study 1: Energy storage for wind power 271
12.4 Case study 2: Agent-based control of electrical vehicle battery charging 273
References 277
Index 279
