Editors Biographies xxiii
List of Contributors xxvii
Foreword xxxiii
Preface xxxv
Acknowledgments xxxvii
1 Cyber-Physical Systems in Smart Cities - Mastering Technological, Economic, and Social Challenges 1
Martina Fromhold-Eisebith
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Setting the Scene: Demarcating the Smart City and Cyber-Physical Systems 3
1.3 Process Fields of CPS-Driven Smart City Development 4
1.4 Economic and Social Challenges of Implementing the CPS-Enhanced Smart City 10
1.5 Conclusions: Suggestions for Planning the CPS-Driven Smart City 15
FinalThoughts 17
Questions 18
References 18
2 Big Data Analytics Processes and Platforms Facilitating Smart Cities 23
Pethuru Raj and Sathish A. P. Kumar
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Why Big Data Analytics (BDA) Is Significant for Smarter Cities 24
2.3 Describing the Big Data Paradigm 26
2.4 The Prominent Sources of Big Data 27
2.5 Describing Big Data Analytics (BDA) 29
2.6 The Big Trends and Use Cases of Big Data Analytics 31
2.7 The Open Data for Next-Generation Cities 38
2.8 The Big Data Analytics (BDA) Platforms 39
2.9 Big Data Analytics Frameworks and Infrastructure 45
2.10 Summary 51
FinalThoughts 51
References 52
3 Multi-Scale Computing for a Sustainable Built Environment 53
Massimiliano Manfren
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Modeling and Computing for Sustainability Transitions 55
3.3 Multi-ScaleModeling and Computing for the Built Environment 66
3.4 Research inModeling and Computing for the Built Environment 70
FinalThoughts 82
Questions 84
References 84
4 Autonomous Radios and Open Spectrum in Smart Cities 99
Corey D. Cooke and Adam L. Anderson
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 CandidateWireless Technologies 101
4.3 PHY and MAC Layer Issues in Cognitive Radio Networks 105
4.4 Frequency Envelope Modulation (FEM) 110
4.5 Conclusion 116
FinalThoughts 117
Questions 118
References 118
5 Mobile Crowd-Sensing for Smart Cities 125
Chandreyee Chowdhury and Sarbani Roy
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Overview of Mobile Crowd-Sensing 127
5.3 Issues and Challenges of Crowd-sensing in Smart Cities 135
5.4 Crowd-sensing Frameworks for Smart City 144
5.5 Conclusion 149
FinalThoughts 149
Questions 150
References 150
6 Wide-AreaMonitoring and Control of Smart Energy Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 155
Nilanjan R. Chaudhuri
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Challenges and Opportunities 156
6.3 Solutions 159
6.4 Conclusions and Future Direction 173
FinalThoughts 175
Questions 175
References 175
7 Smart Technologies and Vehicle-to-X (V2X) Infrastructures for Smart Mobility Cities 181
Bernard Fong, Lixin Situ, and Alvis C. M. Fong
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Data Communications in Smart City Infrastructure 182
7.3 Deployment: An Economic Point of View 186
7.4 Connected Cars 195
7.5 Concluding Remarks 202
FinalThoughts 203
Questions 203
References 204
8 Smart Ecology of Cities: Integrating Development Impacts on EcosystemServices for Land Parcels 209
Marc Morrison, Ravi S. Srinivasan, and Cynnamon Dobbs
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 Need for Smart Ecology of Cities 212
8.3 Ecosystem Service Modeling (CO2 Sequestration, PM10 Filtration, Drainage) 214
8.4 Methodology 219
8.5 Implementation of Development Impacts in Dynamic-SIM Platform 231
8.6 Discussion (Assumptions, Limitations, and FutureWork) 234
8.7 Conclusion 235
FinalThoughts 236
Questions 236
References 236
9 Data-Driven Modeling, Control, and Tools for Smart Cities 243
Madhur Behl and Rahul Mangharam
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 RelatedWork 248
9.3 Problem Definition 250
9.4 Data-Driven Demand Response 252
9.5 DR Synthesis with Regression Trees 254
9.6 The Case for Using Regression Trees for Demand Response 259
9.7 DR-Advisor: Toolbox Design 261
9.8 Case Study 263
9.9 Conclusions and OngoingWork 271
References 272
10 Bringing Named Data Networks into Smart Cities 275
Syed Hassan Ahmed, Safdar Hussain Bouk, Dongkyun Kim, and Mahasweta Sarkar
10.1 Introduction 275
10.2 Future Internet Architectures 278
10.3 Named Data Networking (NDN) 282
10.4 NDN-based Application Scenarios for Smart Cities 285
10.5 Future Aspects of NDN in Smart Cities 297
10.6 Conclusion 303
FinalThoughts 304
Questions 304
References 304
11 Human Context Sensing in Smart Cities 311
Juhi Ranjan and KaminWhitehouse
11.1 Introduction 311
11.2 Human Context Types 312
11.3 Sensing Technologies 317
11.4 Conclusion 331
FinalThoughts 332
Questions 332
References 333
12 Smart Cities and the Symbiotic Relationship between Smart Governance and Citizen Engagement 343
Tori Onker
12.1 Smart Governance 344
12.2 Case Study - Somerville, Massachusetts 348
12.3 Looking Ahead 365
FinalThoughts 368
Questions 370
References 370
13 Smart Economic Development 373
Madhavi Venkatesan
13.1 Introduction 373
13.2 Perception of Resource Value, Market Outcomes, and Price 378
13.3 Conscious Consumption and the Sustainability Foundation of Smart
Cities 384
FinalThoughts 388
Questions 388
References 388
14 Managing the Cyber Security Life-Cycle of Smart Cities 391
Mridul S. Barik, Anirban Sengupta, and Chandan Mazumdar
14.1 Introduction 391
14.2 Smart City Services 393
14.3 Smart Services Technologies 394
14.4 Smart Services Security Issues 396
14.5 Management of Cyber Security of Smart Cities 397
14.6 Discussion 403
14.7 Conclusion 404
Questions 404
References 405
15 Mobility as a Service 409
Christopher Exposito-Izquierdo, Airam Exposito-Marquez, and Julio Brito-Santana
15.1 Introduction 409
15.2 Mobility as a Service 413
15.3 Case Studies on Mobility as a Service 427
15.4 Conclusions and Further Research 432
Acknowledgments 433
FinalThoughts 433
Questions 433
References 434
16 Clustering and Fuzzy Reasoning as Data Mining Methods for the Development of Retrofit Strategies for Building Stocks 437
Philipp Geyer and Arno Schluter
16.1 Introduction 438
16.2 Method 440
16.3 Application Case 442
16.4 Data Sources and Preprocessing 443
16.5 Clustering 448
16.6 Fuzzy Reasoning 456
16.7 Mixed Fuzzy Reasoning and Clustering 459
16.8 Postprocessing: Interpretation and Strategy Identification 459
16.9 Comparison and Discussion ofMethods 464
16.10 Conclusion 467
FinalThoughts 468
Questions 468
Acknowledgments 469
References 469
17 A Framework to Achieve Large Scale Energy Savings for Building Stocks through Targeted Occupancy Interventions 473
Aslihan Karatas, Allisandra Stoiko, and Carol C. Menassa
17.1 Introduction 474
17.2 Objectives 475
17.3 Review of Occupancy-Focused Energy Efficiency Interventions 476
17.4 Role of Occupants' Characteristics in Building Energy Use 481
17.5 A Conceptual Framework for Delivering Targeted Occupancy-Focused Interventions 483
17.6 Case Study Example 490
17.7 Discussion 493
17.8 Conclusions and Policy Implications 494
Questions 496
Acknowledgment 496
References 496
18 Sustainability in Smart Cities: Balancing Social, Economic, Environmental, and Institutional Aspects of Urban Life 503
Ali Komeily and Ravi Srinivasan
18.1 Introduction 503
18.2 Sustainability Assessment in Our Cities 506
18.3 Sustainability in Smart Cities 508
18.4 Achieving Balanced Sustainability 511
FinalThoughts 526
Questions 527
References 536
19 Toward Resilience of the Electric Grid 541
JiankangWang
19.1 Electric Grids in Smart Cities 541
19.2 Threats to Electric Grids 549
19.3 Electric Grid Response under Threats 558
19.4 Defense against Threats to Electric Grids 564
References 573
20 Smart Energy and Grid: Novel Approaches for the Efficient Generation, Storage, and Usage of Energy in the Smart Home and the Smart Grid Linkup 579
Julian Praß, JohannesWeber, Sebastian Staub, Johannes Burner, Ralf Bohm, Thomas Braun, Moritz Hein, MarkusMichl,Michael Beck, and Jorg Franke
20.1 Generation of Energy 580
20.2 Storage of Energy 585
20.3 Smart Usage of Energy 591
20.4 Summary 604
FinalThoughts 604
Questions 605
References 605
21 Building Cyber-Physical Systems - A Smart Building Use Case 609
Jupiter Bakakeu, Franziska Schafer, Jochen Bauer, MarkusMichl, and Jorg Franke
21.1 Foundations-From Automation to Smart Homes 610
21.2 From Today's Technologically Augmented Houses to Tomorrow's Smart Homes 612
21.3 Smart Home: A Cyber-Physical Ecosystem 616
21.4 Connecting Smart Homes and Smart Cities 633
21.5 Conclusion and Future Research Focus 635
FinalThoughts 636
Questions 636
References 637
22 Climate Resilience and the Design of Smart Buildings 645
Saranya Gunasingh, NoraWang, Doug Ahl, and Scott Schuetter
22.1 Climate Change and Future Buildings and Cities 646
22.2 Carbon Inventory and Current Goals 648
22.3 Incorporating Predicted Climate Variability in Building Design 650
22.4 Case Studies 652
22.5 Implications for Future Cities and Net-Zero Buildings 666
FinalThoughts 668
Questions 668
References 669
23 Smart Audio Sensing-Based HVAC Monitoring 673
Shahriar Nirjon, Ravi Srinivasan, and Tamim Sookoor
23.1 Introduction 673
23.2 Background 675
23.3 The Design of SASEM 679
23.4 Experimental Results 689
FinalThoughts 693
Questions 693
References 694
24 Smart Lighting 701
Jie Lian and Charles L. Brown
24.1 Introduction 701
24.2 Background 702
24.3 Smart Lighting Applications 703
24.4 Visible Light Communication (Smart Lighting Communication) System 705
24.5 Conclusion and Outlook 722
FinalThoughts 723
Questions 723
References 723
25 Large Scale Air-Quality Monitoring in Smart and Sustainable Cities 729
Xiaofan Jiang
25.1 Introduction 730
25.2 Current Approaches to Air Quality Monitoring and Their Limitations 733
25.3 Overview of a Cloud-based Air QualityMonitoring System 735
25.4 Cloud-Connected Air QualityMonitors 737
25.5 Cloud-Side System Design and Considerations 740
25.6 Data Analytics in the Cloud 743
25.7 Applications and APIs 752
FinalThoughts 752
Questions 755
References 755
26 The Smart City Production System 759
Gary Graham, Jag Srai, Patrick Hennelly, and Roy Meriton
26.1 Introduction 759
26.2 Types of Production System: Historical Evolution 761
26.3 The Integrated Smart City Production System Framework 765
26.4 Production System Design 767
26.5 Chapter Summary 771
FinalThoughts 772
Questions 772
References 772
27 Smart Health Monitoring Using Smart Systems 777
Carl Chalmers
27.1 Introduction 777
27.2 Background 779
27.3 Integration for Monitoring Applications 790
27.4 Conclusion 792
FinalThoughts 793
Questions 793
References 793
28 Significance of Automated Driving in Japan 797
Sadayuki Tsugawa
28.1 Introduction 797
28.2 Definitions of Automated Driving Systems 798
28.3 A History of Research and Development of Automated Driving Systems 799
28.4 Expected Benefits of Automated Driving 808
28.5 Issues of Automated Driving for Market Introduction 809
28.6 Possible Market Introduction of Automated Driving Systems in Japan 812
28.7 Conclusion 819
Questions 820
References 820
29 Environmental-Assisted Vehicular Data in Smart Cities 823
Wei Chang, Huanyang Zheng, JieWu, Chiu C. Tan, and Haibin Ling
29.1 Location-Related Security and Privacy Issues in Smart Cities 824
29.2 Opportunities of Using Environmental Evidences 826
29.3 Challenges of Creating Location Proofs 827
29.4 Environmental Evidence-Assisted Vehicular Data Framework 829
29.5 Conclusion 845
FinalThoughts 845
Questions 846
References 846
Index 849
