PREFACE xiii
1. QUALITY FACTORS OF ESA 1
1.1 Introduction / 1
1.2 Chu Antenna Q / 4
1.3 Collin and Rothschild Q Analysis / 8
1.4 Thal Antenna Q / 14
1.5 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TE Modes / 16
1.6 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TM Modes / 22
1.7 Effects of Core Losses / 28
1.8 Q for Spheroidal Enclosures / 34
References / 36
2. BANDWIDTH AND MATCHING 39
2.1 Introduction / 39
2.2 Foster's Reactance Theorem and Smith Chart / 39
2.3 Fano's Matching Limitations / 41
2.4 Matching Circuit Loss Magnification / 46
2.5 Network and Z0 Matching / 48
2.6 Non-Foster Matching Circuits / 50
2.7 Matched and High-Z Preamp Monopoles / 51
2.7.1 A Short Monopole Matched at One Frequency / 52
2.7.2 Short Monopole with High-Impedance Amplifier / 54
References / 55
3. ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS: CANONICAL TYPES 59
3.1 Introduction / 59
3.2 Dipole Basic Characteristics / 59
3.2.1 Dipole Impedance and Bandwidth / 59
3.2.2 Resistive and Reactive Loading / 67
3.2.3 Other Loading Configurations / 76
3.2.4 Short Flat Resonant Dipoles / 78
3.2.5 Spherical Helix Antennas / 82
3.2.6 Multiple Resonance Antennas / 84
3.2.6.1 Spherical Dipole; Arc Antennas / 84
3.2.6.2 Multiple Mode Antennas / 86
3.2.6.3 Q Comparisons / 87
3.2.7 Evaluation of Moment Method Codes for Electrically Small Antennas / 88
3.3 Partial Sleeve, PIFA, and Patch / 93
3.3.1 Partial Sleeve / 93
3.3.2 PIFA Designs / 94
3.3.3 Patch with Permeable Substrate / 98
3.4 Loops / 101
3.4.1 Air Core Loops, Single and Multiple Turns / 101
3.4.2 Permeable Core Loops / 107
3.4.3 Receiving Loops / 114
3.4.4 Vector Sensor / 116
3.5 Dielectric Resonator Antennas / 120
References / 127
4. CLEVER PHYSICS, BUT BAD NUMBERS 135
4.1 Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna / 135
4.2 Transmission Line Antennas / 138
4.3 Halo, Hula Hoop, and DDRR Antennas / 138
4.4 Dielectric-Loaded Antennas / 140
4.5 Meanderline Antennas / 141
4.6 Cage Monopole / 142
References / 143
5. PATHOLOGICAL ANTENNAS 147
5.1 Crossed-Field Antenna / 147
5.2 Infinite Efficiency Antenna / 149
5.3 E-H Antenna / 150
5.4 TE-TM Antenna / 150
5.5 Crossed Dipoles / 151
5.6 Snyder Dipole / 152
5.7 Loop-Coupled Loop / 155
5.8 Multiarm Dipole / 158
5.9 Complementary Pair Antenna / 158
5.10 Integrated Antenna / 159
5.11 Q ¼ 0 Antenna / 160
5.12 Antenna in a NIM Shell / 161
5.13 Fractal Antennas / 162
5.14 Antenna on a Chip / 170
5.15 Random Segment Antennas / 171
5.16 Multiple Multipoles / 171
5.17 Switched Loop Antennas / 173
5.18 Electrically Small Focal Spots / 174
5.19 ESA Summary / 174
References / 175
6. SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS 181
6.1 History and Motivation / 181
6.2 Maximum Directivity / 182
6.2.1 Apertures / 182
6.2.2 Arrays / 183
6.2.2.1 Broadside Arrays of Fixed Spacing / 183
6.2.2.2 Endfire Arrays / 186
6.2.2.3 Minimization Codes / 192
6.2.2.4 Resonant Endfire Arrays / 192
6.3 Constrained Superdirectivity / 194
6.3.1 Dolph-Chebyshev Superdirectivity / 194
6.3.2 Superdirective Ratio Constraint / 198
6.3.3 Bandwidth or Q Constraint / 200
6.3.4 Phase or Position Adjustment / 200
6.3.5 Tolerance Constraint / 201
6.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances / 201
6.4.1 Bandwidth / 201
6.4.2 Efficiency / 205
6.4.3 Tolerances / 208
6.5 Miscellaneous Superdirectivity / 209
6.6 Superdirective Antenna Summary / 210
References / 210
7. SUPERCONDUCTING ANTENNAS 215
7.1 Introduction / 215
7.2 Superconductivity Concepts for Antenna Engineers / 215
7.3 Dipole, Loop, and Patch Antennas / 221
7.3.1 Loop and Dipole Antennas / 222
7.3.2 Microstrip Antennas / 223
7.3.3 Array Antennas / 225
7.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Antennas / 229
7.3.4.1 Waveguide Flat Plane Array / 229
7.3.4.2 Microstrip Planar Array / 230
7.3.5 Submillimeter Antennas / 232
7.3.6 Low-Temperature Superconducting Antennas / 232
7.4 Phasers and Delay Lines / 233
7.5 Superconducting Antenna Summary / 236
References / 236
APPENDIX A A WORLD HISTORY OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS 243
APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USEFUL TO ESA 277
APPENDIX C SPHERICAL SHELL OF ENG METAMATERIAL SURROUNDING A DIPOLE ANTENNA 279
APPENDIX D FREQUENCY DISPERSION LIMITS RESOLUTION IN VESELAGO LENS 307
AUTHOR INDEX 335
SUBJECT INDEX 343
