Sequential Analysis and Observational Methods for the Behavioral Sciences

By: Roger Bakeman, VicenÃ§ Quera

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Hardcover | 10 October 2011

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Hardcover
200 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 1.27

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Behavioral scientists - including those in psychology, infant and child development, education, animal behavior, marketing, and usability studies - use many methods to measure behavior. Systematic observation is used to study relatively natural, spontaneous behavior as it unfolds sequentially in time. This book emphasizes digital means to record and code such behavior; while observational methods do not require them, they work better with them. Key topics include devising coding schemes, training observers, and assessing reliability, as well as recording, representing, and analyzing observational data. In clear and straightforward language, this book provides a thorough grounding in observational methods along with considerable practical advice. It describes standard conventions for sequential data and details how to perform sequential analysis with a computer program developed by the authors. The book is rich with examples of coding schemes and different approaches to sequential analysis, including both statistical and graphical means.

Industry Reviews

"...Bakeman and Quera's text is a useful reference guide for how to apply sequential analysis, with several examples of its actual use. It should be a useful guide to those sequential analysis researchers already applying such methods to their work but would have benefited from more discussion of when to apply such methods (to alert nonusers to its potential applicability to their work)..." --Dr. David P. Nalbone, Purdue University Calumet, PsycCRITIQUES

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Non-Fiction Sociology & Anthropology Sociology Social Research & Statistics Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning Earth Sciences Meteorology & Climatology Psychology Psychological Methodology Mathematics Probability & Statistics Social Psychology

Child & Developmental Psychology

List of Figures	p. ix
Preface	p. xiii
Introduction to Observational Methods	p. 1
Systematic Quantitative Measurement versus Qualitative Narrative	p. 1
Correlational versus Experimental Designs	p. 3
Predictor versus Outcome Variables	p. 4
Variables, Units, and Sessions	p. 4
Why Use Observational Methods?	p. 6
Sequential Analysis of Behavior	p. 7
Summary	p. 11
Coding Schemes and Observational Measurement	p. 13
Where Do Coding Schemes Come From?	p. 13
Must Codes be Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive?	p. 14
Granularity: Micro to Macro	p. 18
Concreteness: Physically to Socially Based Codes	p. 19
Codes versus Rating Scales	p. 21
The Coding Manual	p. 22
Summary	p. 24
Recording Observational Data	p. 26
Untimed-Event Recording	p. 28
Timed-Event Recording	p. 29
Interval Recording	p. 30
Partial-Interval or One-Zero Sampling	p. 32
Momentary or Instantaneous Sampling	p. 32
Whole-Interval Sampling	p. 32
Selected-Interval Recording	p. 34
Live Observation versus Recorded Behavior	p. 35
Digital Recording and Computer-Assisted Coding	p. 37
Summary	p. 40
Representing Observational Data	p. 43
A Sequential Data Interchange Standard (SDIS)	p. 43
Representing Time	p. 44
Single-Code Event Sequences	p. 46
Timed-Event and State Sequences	p. 48
Interval and Multicode Event Sequences	p. 50
A Universal Code-Unit Grid	p. 51
Alternatives: Spreadsheet and Statistical Package Grids	p. 53
Data Management and File Formats	p. 54
Summary	p. 55
Observer Agreement and CohenÆs Kappa	p. 57
Point-By-Point versus Summary Agreement	p. 58
The Classic CohenÆs Kappa	p. 59
When is Kappa Big Enough?	p. 62
Is Statistical Significance Useful?	p. 63
Observer Bias and Kappa Maximum	p. 64
Observer Accuracy, Number of Codes, and Their Prevalence	p. 65
Standards for Kappa (Number of Codes Matters)	p. 66
Comparing an Observer with a Gold Standard	p. 68
Agreement and Reliability	p. 69
Errors of Commission and Omission	p. 69
Summary	p. 70
Kappas for Point-By-Point Agreement	p. 72
Event-Based Agreement: The Alignment Problem	p. 72
Time-Based Agreement: Inflated Counts?	p. 77
Event-Based Agreement for Timed-Event Sequences	p. 78
Interval-Based Agreement Using Cohen's Kappa	p. 81
Weighted Kappa: When Disagreements Differ in Severity	p. 81
Are All Kappas Overrated?	p. 83
Summary	p. 84
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for Summary Measures	p. 87
Relative versus Absolute Agreement	p. 87
Targets and Sessions	p. 88
Relative and Absolute ICCs	p. 89
Summary	p. 92
Summary Statistics for Individual Codes	p. 93
Basic Statistics for Individual Codes	p. 95
Frequency	p. 95
Relative Frequency	p. 96
Rate	p. 96
Duration	p. 97
Relative Duration	p. 98
Probability	p. 98
Mean Event Durations, Gaps, and Latencies	p. 99
Mean Event Duration	p. 100
Mean Gap	p. 100
Latency	p. 100
Recommended Statistics for Individual Codes	p. 101
Summary	p. 102
Cell and Summary Statistics for Contingency Tables	p. 104
Individual Cell Statistics	p. 105
Observed Joint Frequencies and Hierarchical Tallying	p. 105
Lagged Tallies for Single-Coded Events When Codes Can and Cannot Repeat	p. 107
Conditional and Transitional Probabilities	p. 108
Expected Frequencies and Adjusted Residuals	p. 109
Indices of Association for Two-Dimensional Tables	p. 111
Contingency Indices for 2×2 Tables	p. 111
Odds Ratio and Log Odds	p. 112
Yule's Q	p. 114
Vulnerability to Zero Cells	p. 115
Summary	p. 116
Preparing for Sequential and Other Analyses	p. 118
Creating New Codes from Existing Codes	p. 118
Logical Combinations for Timed-Event, Interval, and Multicode Event Data	p. 119
RECODE for All Data Types	p. 120
EVENT and BOUT for Timed-Event Data	p. 121
RECODE, LUMP, and CHAIN for Single-Code Event Data	p. 122
REMOVE and RENAME for All Data Types	p. 123
Creating New Codes as "Windows" Anchored to Existing Codes	p. 124
Pooled versus Individual Analyses	p. 125
Preparing Export Files and Using Statistical Packages	p. 126
Deviant Cells, Type I Error, and Winnowing	p. 128
Summary	p. 131
Time-Window and Log-Linear Sequential analysis	p. 134
Time-Window Sequential Analysis of Timed-Event Data	p. 135
The Sign Test: A Nonparametric Alternative	p. 137
Lag-Sequential and Log-Linear Analysis of Single-Code Event Data	p. 138
Overlapped and Nonoverlapped Tallying of m-Event Chains	p. 139
An Illustration of Log-Linear Basics	p. 141
Log-Linear Analysis of Interval and Multicode Event Data	p. 144
Summary	p. 146
Recurrence Analysis and Permutation Tests	p. 148
Recurrence Analysis	p. 148
Permutation Tests for Short Event Sequences	p. 156
Summary	p. 160
Epilogue	p. 163
Expected Values for Kappa Comparing Two Observers	p. 165
Expected Values for Kappa Comparing with a Gold Standard	p. 167
References	p. 169
Index	p. 179
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Sequential Analysis and Observational Methods for the Behavioral Sciences

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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