Foreword xxv
Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Cloud-Based Containers 1
Cloud Cafe Story 1
The Story Continues: The Cafe’s Expansion 2
The Cloud Kitchen Model 3
Making Cloud Kitchen a Success 3
How Containers Changed the Whole Game Plan 3
The New Hub of HiTechville 4
The Evolution of Cloud Infrastructure 4
The Era of Mainframes 4
The Rise of Virtualization 4
The Emergence of Cloud Services 5
The Shift to Containers 5
Introduction to Containers in Cloud Computing 6
The Role of Containers in Modern Cloud Computing 6
Virtual Machines Versus Containers in Cloud Environments 6
Benefits of Using Containers in Cloud 7
Popular Cloud Container Technologies 8
Overview of Cloud-Native Ecosystem for Containers 11
Summary 12
Chapter 2 Cloud-Native Kubernetes: Azure, GCP, and AWS 13
What Is Kubernetes? 15
Managed Kubernetes Services 17
Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Services 17
Google Kubernetes Engine 18
Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service 19
Azure-, GCP-, and AWS-Managed Kubernetes Service Assessment Criteria 21
Azure, GCP, and AWS Cloud-Native Container Management Services 23
Summary 23
Chapter 3 Understanding the Threats Against Cloud-Based Containerized Environments 25
Initial Stage of Threat Modeling 25
The MITRE ATT&CK Framework 26
Threat Vectors 27
Tactic and Techniques in MITRE ATT&CK 27
Cloud Threat Modeling Using MITRE ATT&CK 31
Cloud Container Threat Modeling 37
Foundations of Cloud Container Threat Modeling 37
Kubernetes Control Plane: Securing the Orchestration Core 37
Worker Nodes: Securing the Execution Environment 38
Cluster Networking: Defending the Communication Fabric 39
Workloads: Hardening Containers and Application Logic 40
IAM: Enforcing Granular Access Across Layers 41
Persistent Storage: Securing Data at Rest 42
CI/CD Pipeline Security: Defending the DevOps Chain 42
Log Monitoring and Visibility: Detecting What Matters 43
Resource Abuse and Resiliency: Planning for the Worst 44
Resource Abuse: Unauthorized Exploitation of Cloud Resources 44
Resiliency and Business Continuity Planning in Kubernetes 46
Compliance and Governance 47
Summary 48
Chapter 4 Secure Cloud Container Platform and Container Runtime 49
Introduction to Cloud-Specific OS and Container Security 49
Cloud-Specific OS: A Shifting Paradigm How OS Should Work 50
Container Security Architecture 51
Host OS Hardening for Container Environments 53
Leverage Container-Optimized OSs 53
Establish and Maintain Secure Configuration Baselines 54
Implement Robust Access Controls and Authentication 55
Apply Timely Security Updates and Patches 55
Implement Host-Based Security Controls 56
Container Runtime Hardening 56
Minimal Container Images 56
Multistage Build 57
Drop Unnecessary Capabilities 57
Implement Seccomp Profiles 58
Resource Controls 59
Use Memory and CPU Limits 60
Process and File Restrictions 60
Logging and Monitoring 61
Regular Security Updates 62
Network Security 62
Implementing Kubernetes Network Policies (netpol) 64
Leveraging Service Mesh for Advanced Secure Communication 64
Leveraging Cloud Network Security Groups 66
Linux Kernel Security Feature for the Container Platform 67
Linux Namespaces, Control Groups, and Capabilities 68
OS-Specific Security Capabilities (SELinux, AppArmor) 69
Security Best Practices in Cloud Container Stack 70
Least Privilege (RBAC) and Resource Limitation for Azure, Gcp, Aws 71
Scanning and Verifying Images Using Cloud Services 72
Compliance and Governance in Cloud Environments 73
Meeting Regulatory Compliance (PCI-DSS, HIPAA) for Containerized Workload 73
Tools to Help Meet Compliance 76
Cloud-Native Security Benchmarks and Certifications 76
Future Trends and Emerging Standards in Cloud-Native Security 78
AI and Machine Learning Security Standards 79
Automated Compliance and Continuous Assessment 79
Summary 81
Chapter 5 Secure Application Container Security in the Cloud 83
Securing Containerized Applications in Cloud Container Platforms 83
Shared Responsibility Model 84
Image Security 84
Network Security 85
Threat Intelligence for Cloud-Native Containers 87
CI/CD Security in Cloud-Based Container Pipelines 90
Shifting Left and Managing Privileges in Azure DevOps, Google Cloud Build, and AWS CodePipeline 91
Azure DevOps 91
Google Cloud Build 92
AWS CodePipeline 93
Penetration Testing for Cloud-Based Containers 94
Supply Chain Risks and Best Practices in the Cloud 95
Securing Container Registries in the Cloud (ACR, ECR, GCR) 97
Image Signing and Verification in Cloud Platforms 98
Role-Based Access Control in Cloud Supply Chains 99
Summary 101
Chapter 6 Secure Monitoring in Cloud-Based Containers 103
Introduction to Secure Container Monitoring 103
Key Monitoring Enablement Business Goals 104
Enabling Cost Efficiency 104
Supporting Compliance and Audit Readiness 104
Enhancing Incident Response 105
Ensuring High Availability 106
Continuous Risk Identification and Remediation 106
Driving Strategic Decision-Making 108
Challenges in Monitoring Cloud-Based Containers 108
Ephemeral Workloads 108
Distributed Architectures 109
Data Volume and Noise 109
Security Considerations in Container Monitoring 110
Observability in Multitenancy 111
Integration with Modern DevOps and SecOps Toolchains 111
Lack of Standardization 112
Advanced Analytics and Predictive Insights 112
Comprehensive Monitoring and Security Architecture for Containerized Workloads 112
Comprehensive Visibility Across Layers 115
Container-Level Monitoring: Runtime Security and Observability 116
Kubernetes Control Plane Monitoring: Orchestration Platform Security 118
Infrastructure Monitoring: Host and Cloud Environment Security 119
Threat Intelligence Integration: Enriched Detection and Proactive Defense 120
Automated Detection and Response 120
Application Performance Monitoring and Security 121
Compliance and Regulatory Adherence 122
Proactive Threat Detection: MITRE ATT&CK Operationalization 123
Enhancing Modern Capabilities with Advanced Techniques 123
Toward a Secure and Resilient Cloud-Native Future 127
Summary 127
Chapter 7 Kubernetes Orchestration Security 129
Cloud-Specific Kubernetes Architecture Security 130
Control Plane Security 130
Worker Node Security 131
Shared Security Responsibilities 133
Securing the Kubernetes API in Azure, GCP, and AWS 134
Securing AKS API 134
Securing GKE API 135
Securing EKS API 135
Best Practices for Securing the Kubernetes API 136
Audit Logging and Policy Engine in Cloud Platform 137
Implementation Strategies 137
Policy Engine 138
Integration and Operational Considerations 138
AKS Policy Implementation 139
GKE Policy Controls 139
EKS Policy Framework 140
Cross-Platform Policy Considerations 140
Advanced Policy Patterns 141
Audit Logging 141
AKS Audit Logging 142
GKE Audit Logging 142
EKS Audit Logging 143
Cross-Platform Audit Logging Strategies 143
Advanced Audit Logging Patterns 144
Security Policies and Resource Management for Cloud-Based Kubernetes 144
Network Policies and Admission Controllers in Cloud 145
Azure Policy Implementation 145
Google Kubernetes Engine Policy Control 146
AWS Network Policy Implementation 147
Network Policy Implementation 147
Advanced Implementation Strategies 148
Summary 148
Chapter 8 Zero Trust Model for Cloud Container Security 149
Zero Trust Concept and Core Principles 150
Core Principles of Zero Trust Architecture 151
Implementing Zero Trust in Cloud-Based Containers 153
IAM in Zero Trust 153
Network Segmentation and Micro-Segmentation in Cloud Containers 154
Network Segmentation 154
Micro-Segmentation 155
Continuous Monitoring and Risk-Based Access Decisions in Cloud 155
End-to-End Encryption and Data Security in Cloud Containers 156
Zero Trust in Kubernetes Security 157
Enforcing Kubernetes Security Policies with Zero Trust Principles 157
Zero Trust for Service Meshes (Istio, Linkerd) in Cloud-Based Kubernetes 158
Secure Access to Cloud-Based Kubernetes Control Planes 160
The Importance of Secure Access 160
Securing with Private Azure Kubernetes Service Cluster 161
Implementing Zero Trust for Multicloud Container Environments 163
Zero Trust Framework in Multicloud 163
Case Study: Applying Zero Trust in Cloud Container Workloads for a Banking Customer 165
Summary 166
Chapter 9 DevSecOps in Cloud-Based Container Platform 169
DevOps to DevSecOps in Azure, GCP, and AWS 170
Integrating Security into Cloud CI/CD Pipelines 172
SAST and Dependency Analysis in Cloud Environments 175
Infrastructure as Code Security for Cloud 177
Secrets Management in Cloud-Native DevSecOps 178
Continuous Monitoring and Alerts in Cloud-Based DevSecOps 180
Cloud-Based DevSecOps Tools and Frameworks 183
Azure DevOps 183
Google Cloud Build 183
AWS CodePipeline 184
Cross-Platform DevSecOps Frameworks 184
Selecting Cloud-Based DevSecOps Tools and Frameworks 185
Summary 185
Chapter 10 Application Modernization with Cloud Containers 187
Analyzing Legacy Architectures 188
Microservices Transformation in Practice 188
Adopting an API-First Strategy 191
Containerization and Orchestration 191
Cloud Migration and Modernization Approaches 192
Implementing Security Development Operation Practices 192
Microservices Architecture 195
Netflix’s Journey to Microservices 195
Security Challenges in Microservices-Based Applications 197
Kubernetes and Service Mesh for Microservices 197
Implementing Zero Trust Security in Microservices 198
Securing APIs in Cloud-Native Microservices 199
Securing APIs in Cloud-Native Microservices 199
API Security Challenges in Cloud-Native Environments 200
API Gateway Solutions in Each Cloud Provider 200
Best Practices for API Security and Rate Limiting 201
Security Design Principles for Cloud-Native Apps 202
The 12-Factor App as a Cloud-Native Development Guiding Principle 203
Runtime Protection and CNAPP Integration 204
Application Modernization and Resiliency 205
Summary 205
Chapter 11 Compliance and Governance in Cloud-Based Containers 207
Understanding the Key Compliance and Governance in Containerized Environments 208
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 208
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 208
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS) 209
System and Organization Controls (SOC 2) 209
NIST SP 800-190: Application Container Security Guide 209
ISO/IEC 27000 Series 210
Iso/iec 27001 210
Iso/iec 27017 210
Iso/iec 27018 211
CIS Kubernetes Benchmark (General) 211
CIS AKS Benchmark (Azure Kubernetes Service) 211
CIS GKE Benchmark (Google Kubernetes Engine) 212
CIS EKS Benchmark (Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service) 212
A Comparison of the Key Compliance Standards and Regulations 212
How to Achieve Container Compliance and Governance for AKS, GKE, and EKS 214
Identity and Access Management (IAM) 214
Authentication and Authorization 215
Data Encryption (at Rest and in Transit) 216
Logging and Monitoring 218
Vulnerability Management 219
Network Security 220
Policy and Governance 221
Incident Response 222
Data Residency and Privacy 223
Supply Chain Security 224
Continuous Compliance and Automation 226
Container-Specific Best Practices 227
Compliance Dashboard 228
Summary 228
Chapter 12 Case Studies and Real-World Examples in Cloud Container Security 231
Case Study 1: Netflix’s Adoption of Cloud Containers Security 232
Case Study 2: Capital One’s Adoption of Zero Trust Security for Cloud Containers 235
Case Study 3: PayPal’s Adoption of Zero Trust Security for Cloud Containers 238
Case Study 4: Uber’s Cloud Container Security Implementation 241
Summary 245
Chapter 13 The Future of Cloud-Based Container Security 247
The Rise of Advanced Container Orchestration 247
Zero Trust and Container Security 248
Enhanced Runtime Security and AI Integration 249
Evolution of Container Image Security 249
Container Security as Code 249
Shift-Left Security Paradigm 251
Serverless Containers and Security Implications 251
Compliance and Regulatory Frameworks 252
Blockchain and Container Provenance 252
Increased Visibility and Observability 253
Quantum Computing and Container Security 253
Community-Driven Security Standards 253
Business Impact of Container Security Failures 254
Organizational Maturity and Operating Models for Container Security 254
Talent and Skills Gap in Container Security 255
Global Regulations and Data Sovereignty Impact 256
Integration with Enterprise Security Ecosystem 256
Future Predictions: Autonomous Container Security 256
Summary 257
Chapter 14 Security Automation and AI in Cloud Container Security 259
Threat Landscape in Container Environments 260
Foundations of Security Automation in Container Platforms 260
Integrating AI and Machine Learning for Proactive Defense 261
Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response in Cloud-Based Containers 261
Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Integration with SOAR 262
Google Kubernetes Engine Integration with SOAR 263
Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Integration with SOAR 263
Enhancing Container Threat Intelligence Feeds with Cloud-Based AI 264
Azure Kubernetes Service: Proactive Defense with AI-Enhanced Threat Intelligence 265
Google Kubernetes Engine: Threat Intelligence Amplified with Chronicle and AI Correlation 265
Amazon EKS: Scaling AI-Driven Threat Intelligence in Hyper-Scale Environments 266
Challenges and Considerations 267
Ensuring Explainability and Trust in AI Decisions 269
Addressing the Skills Gap in AI and Automation 269
Best Practices and Automation Strategies 270
The Road Ahead: Future of AI and Automation in Container Security 272
Strategic Roadmap for Decision-Makers 273
Summary 274
Chapter 15 Cloud Container Platform Resiliency 275
High Availability and Fault Tolerance in Cloud Container Platforms 276
Disaster Recovery Strategies for Cloud Container Platform 277
Core Components of Modern DR Architecture 278
Implementation Strategies and Best Practices 278
Advanced Topics in Container DR 279
Operational Considerations and Maintenance 279
Future Planning 280
Security and Compliance in DR Strategies 280
Resiliency in Multicloud Container Platform Environments 281
Architectural Foundations 282
Data Management and Persistence 283
Platform Operations and Management 283
Security and Compliance 283
Cost Management and Resource Optimization 284
Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity 284
Monitoring and Testing Container Resiliency 285
Summary 287
Appendix A Glossary of Cloud and Container Security Terms 289
Appendix B Resources for Further Reading on Cloud-Based Containers 299
Foundational Concepts and Containerization Basics 299
Cloud-Specific Container Services 300
Advanced Container Management and Orchestration 301
Books and Articles 302
Online Courses and Tutorials 302
Security Resources 303
Appendix c Cloud-Specific Tools and Platforms for Container Security 305
Microsoft Azure Container Security Tools 305
Amazon Web Services (AWS) Container Security Tools 306
Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Container Security Tools 308
Multicloud and Open-Source Container Security Tools 309
Index 311
