Scanning Probe Microscopy

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Mathematical Symbols -- 1 The Physics of Scanning Probe Microscopes -- 1.1 Experimental methods -- 1.2 Theoretical methods -- 1.3 Local probes -- 1.3.1 Principles of local probes -- 1.3.2 Surface preparation -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- 2 SPM: The Instrument -- 2.1 SPM Setups -- 2.1.1 STM setup -- 2.1.2 SFM setup -- 2.1.3 Tip and surface preparation -- 2.2 Experimental development -- 2.2.1 STM Case 1: Au(110) and Au(111) -- 2.2.2 STM Case 2: Resolution of Spin States -- 2.2.3 SFM Case 1: silicon (111) 7 x 7 -- 2.2.4 SFM case 2: cubic crystals -- References -- 3 Theory of Forces -- 3.1 Macroscopic forces -- 3.1.1 Van der Waals force -- 3.1.2 Image forces -- 3.1.3 Capacitance force -- 3.1.4 Forces due to tip and surface charging -- 3.1.5 Magnetic forces -- 3.1.6 Capillary forces -- 3.2 Microscopic forces -- 3.2.1 Theoretical methods for calculating the microscopic forces -- 3.3 Forces due to electron transitions -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- 4 Electron Transport Theory -- 4.1 Conductance channels -- 4.2 Elastic transport -- 4.2.1 The scattering matrix -- 4.2.2 Transmission functions -- 4.2.3 A brief introduction to Green's functions -- 4.2.4 Green's functions and scattering matrices -- 4.2.5 Scattering matrices for multiple channels -- 4.2.6 Self-energies S -- 4.3 Nonequilibrium conditions -- 4.3.1 Finite-bias voltage -- 4.3.2 Spectral functions and charge density -- 4.3.3 Spectral functions and contacts -- 4.3.4 Self-energy S again -- 4.3.5 Nonequilibrium Green's functions -- 4.3.6 Electron transport in nonequilibrium systems -- 4.4 Transport within standard DFT methods -- 4.4.1 Green's function matrix -- 4.4.2 General self-consistency cycle -- 4.4.3 Self-energy of the leads -- 4.4.4 Hartree potential and Hamiltonian of the interface -- 4.4.5 Self-energies of the interface -- 4.4.6 Nonequilibrium Green's functions of the interface -- 4.4.7 Calculation of nonequilibrium transport properties -- 4.5 Summary -- References -- 5 Transport in the Low Conductance Regime -- 5.1 Tersoff-Hamann(TH) approach -- 5.1.1 Easy modeling: applying the Tersoff-Hamann model -- 5.2 Perturbation approach -- 5.2.1 Explicit derivation of the tunneling current -- 5.2.2 Tip states of spherical symmetry -- 5.2.3 Magnetic tunneling junctions -- 5.3 Landauer-B??uttiker approach -- 5.3.1 Scattering and perturbation method -- 5.4 Keldysh-Green's function approach -- 5.5 Unified model for scattering and perturbation -- 5.5.1 Scattering and perturbation -- 5.5.2 Green's function of the vacuum barrier --tidtid.