Real-Time Parallel Computing

General Theory.- The Elements of Digital Picture Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Unary and Binary Operations.- 3. Higher Order Operations.- 4. Serial or Parallel Processing.- 5. Propagation.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- Some Neighborhood Operators.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Region Growing Operator.- 3. Nearest Neighbor Sets.- 4. Region Shrinking Operators.- 5. Mark Interior Border Pixels.- 6. Connectivity Number Operator.- 6.1 Yokoi Connectivity Number.- 6.2 Rutovitz Connectivity Number.- 7. Connected Shrink Operator.- 8. Pair Relationship Operator.- 9. Thinning Operator.- 10. Distance Transformation Operator.- 11. Contact Distances.- 12. Non-Minima-Maxima Operator.- 13. Relative Extrema Operator.- 14. Connected Components Operator.- 15. Reachability Operator.- 16. Conclusion.- 17. References.- Region Relaxation in a Parallel Hierarchical Architecture.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Need for Parallelism.- 2. A Parallel Hierarchical Architecture.- 2.1 Modes of Processing and Algorithm Specification.- 2.2 Reductions: Upward Processing within the Cone.- 2.3 Horizontal (Lateral) Processing: At a Fixed Level in the Cone.- 2.4 Projection: Processing Information Downward in the Cone.- 3. The Processing Cone as an Operating System for Image Analysis.- 4. Segmentation Algorithms and Applications.- 4.1 Glaucoma.- 4.2 Image Analysis Using Histogram Cluster Labels.- 4.3 Refinement of Initial Labeling Using Spatial Relaxation.- 4.4 Segmentation Algorithm Applied to a Natural Image.- 5. Localization.- 5.1 Region Merging.- 5.2 Results of Localization.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. Acknowledgements.- 8. References.- Generalized Cellular Automata.- 1. Introduction.- 2. One-Dimensional Cellular Automata.- 3. Multi-Dimensional Cellular Automata.- 4. Cellular Pyramids.- 5. Memory-Augmented Cellular Automata.- 6. Cellular Graphs.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- 8. Acknowledgements.- 9. References.- Theoretical Considerations on a Family of Distance Transformations and Their Applications.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Definitions.- 3. Distance Transformation by Variable Operators (VODT).- 3.1 Distance Transformation by Variable Operators (VODT).- 3.2 DTLP (Distance Transformation of Line Pattern).- 3.3 The LMDT and Its Skeleton.- 4. Generalized Grey Weighted Distance Transformation (GGWDT).- 4.1 GGWDT and IGGWDT.- 4.2 Decomposition of Pictures by the GGWDT and Iterative Application of the GWDT.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. Acknowledgement.- 7. References.- Languages.- Image Data Modeling and Language for Parallel Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure Lines.- 3. Requirements for Feature Retrieval.- 4. Language Requirements for Parallel Image Processing.- 5. A Language for Parallel Processing with Non-Deterministic and Recursive Features.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. Acknowledgements.- 8. References.- A Study on Parallel Parsing of Tree Languages and Its Application to Syntactic Pattern Recognition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Parallel Parsing of Tree Languages.- 2.1 Tree Grammars.- 2.2 Lexical Analyzer for Tree Grammars.- 2.3 Parallel Parsing of Tree Languages.- 2.4 Simulation Results.- 3. Road Recognition by Using an Error-Correcting Tree Automaton.- 3.1 Primitive Selection.- 3.2 Grammar Construction.- 3.3 Road Recognition.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- PIXAL: A High Level Language for Image Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Features of the PIXAL Language.- 2.1 Declaration.- 2.2 Parallel Statements.- 2.3 Global Assignment.- 2.4 Composition of Sequential and Parallel Operations.- 2.5 Built-In Functions.- 3. Implementation Considerations.- 4. Final Comments.- 5. References.- Languages for Parallel Processing of Images.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Languages for Image Analysis.- 3. Languages Associated with Parallel Processors.- 3.1 MORPHAL.- 3.2 CAP4.- 3.3 C3PL.- 3.4 DAP FORTRAN.- 3.5 GLOL.- 3.6 PPL.- 3.7 Other Languages.- 4. Examples of Use.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- Techniques.- Real Time Region Analysis for Image Data.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Region Segmentation.- 2.1 Properties of Images and Regions.- 2.2 Spatial Clustering Algorithm.- 3. Picture Processing Firmware.- 3.1 Characteristics of Firmware.- 3.2 Support Software.- 3.3 Evaluation of Picture Processing Firmware.- 4. Application of Image Data.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- Hybrid Image Processing Using a Simple Optical Technique.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interactive Image Processing System.- 3. Adaptive Binarization Using Hybrid Processing.- 3.1 Mathematical Analysis.- 3.2 Optical Implementation.- 4. Contrast Improvement and Feature Extraction by Hybrid Processing.- 4.1 High Voltage Electron Microscope Images.- 4.2 Extraction of Dislocation Lines.- 5. Constant Variance Enhancement by Hybrid Processing.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- Focus of Attention in the Analysis of Complex Pictures Such as Aerial Photographs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Selective Area Analysis.- 2.1 Use of Context in Target Detection.- 2.2 Planning Methods for Focusing Attention.- 2.3 Application of Edge Preservation Smoothing...- 3. Conclusions.- 4. References.- The Virtual Plane Concept in Image Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Virtual Tape.- 3. Virtual Plane.- 4. Implementation of the V-Plane Concept.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- Hardware and Systems.- A Multi-Microprocessor Architecture for Associative Processing of Image Data.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principle of Association.- 3. Associative Processing in a Semantic Data Base.- 4. Multi-Microprocessor ARES.- 4.1 Functional Configuration.- 4.2 Cell Structure.- 4.3 Multiple Response Resolver.- 4.4 Distribution of Data in a Semantic Data Base.- 5. Evaluation of the Optimum Number of Cells.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. Acknowledgements.- 8. References.- An Interactive Image Processing and Analysis System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interactive Image Processing and Analysis Systems.- 2.1 Man-Machine Interaction.- 2.2 Speeding Up Processing.- 2.3 Flexibility.- 2.4 Cost Reduction.- 2.5 Summary.- 3. An I2PAS at NEC/CRL.- 3.1 Color Image Display.- 3.2 Computer and Peripherals.- 3.3 Software and Applications.- 4. Future Developments.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. Acknowledgement.- 7. References.- Interpolation to Reduce Difficulty in D/A Conversion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interpolation of Samples.- 3. Estimation of the Value to be Interpolated.- 4. Implementation of the Interpolator.- 5. Experimental Result.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- A Computing System Organization for Image Data Retrieval.- 1. Introduction.- 2. System Organization.- 2.1 The ARES for Associative Search of Semantic Data Bases.- 2.2 The ELPIS for Image Feature Extraction.- 3. Image Feature Extraction Facility.- 3.1 Feature Extraction by Content Addressing.- 3.2 Control of Detailed Fineness.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- A Compound Computer System for Image Data Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Shared Intelligent I/O Controller (ETOILE).- 2.1 Programmable I/O Controller.- 2.2 Host-Controller Communication Facility.- 2.3 I/O Peripherals.- 2.4 User-Friendly Interface (UFI).- 2.5 The ETOILE Supervisor.- 2.6 Subsystems.- 3. Image Data Base.- 3.1 System Overview.- 4. Special-Purpose Processor.- 4.1 Structure of Special-Purpose Processor.- 4.2 Parallel Processing Schemes.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. Acknowledgements.- Interactive Techniques for Producing and Encoding Color Graphics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interactive Production of Color Graphics.- 2.1 Input of Line Drawings.- 2.2 Trimming Lines.- 2.3 Detection of Uncolored Closed Areas.- 2.4 Coloring.- 2.5 Outline of the Experimental System.- 3. Encoding of Color Graphics.- 3.1 Color Run-Length Coding.- 3.2 Boundary Coding.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- Image Processing Unit Hardware Implementation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Design Concepts.- 2.1 Image Data Hierarchies.- 2.2 Important Image Processing Functions.- 2.3 Local Parallel Operations.- 2.4 Flexible Control.- 2.5 Word Length.- 3. Hardware Implementation.- 3.1 Microprogram Control and ALU.- 3.2 Address Control.- 3.3 Data Memory and Table Memory.- 3.4 Spatial Filtering.- 3.5 Fast Transform with Multiplier and Adder.- 3.6 Logical Filtering.- 3.7 Region Labeling.- 4. Software Implementations and Applications.- 4.1 Functional Commands for the IPU.- 4.2 Microprograms in the IPU.- 4.3 Applications.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- Man-Machine Interactive Processing for Extracting Meteorological Information from GMS Images.- 1. Introduction.- 2. GMS Cloud Top Height Estimation System.- 2.1 Basic Equation.- 2.2 Basic Parameters.- 2.3 Conversion to Cloud Top Height.- 2.4 System Configuration and Function.- 3. GMS Cloud Wind Estimation System.- 3.1 GMS Cloud Wind Estimation System.- 3.2 Registration of Images.- 3.3 Wind Derivation.- 3.4 Quality Control in the CWES System.- 3.5 Delivery and Archiving.- 4. References.- An Array Processor for Image Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Design Principles.- 2.1 The Memory Unit.- 2.2 The Processing Unit.- 2.3 The Array.- 2.4 The Processing Element.- 2.5 Programming.- 3. System Construction.- 3.1 System Outline.- 3.2 Control Memory.- 3.3 Central Processing Unit.- 3.4 Micro Instruction Controller.- 3.5 Picture Memory.- 3.6 Processing Element Array.- 3.7 Local Register.- 3.8 Input Output Controller.- 4. Parallel Processing.- 4.1 Processing Element.- 4.2 Data Supply to the Processing Element Array.- 4.3 Processing Element Array Execution Mode.- 5. Examples.- 5.1 Thresholding.- 5.2 Filtering.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. Acknowledgements.- 8. References.- Real-Time Shading Corrector for a Television Camera Using a Microprocessor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hardware Configuration.- 2.1 Operational Details.- 2.2 Correction Mode.- 3. Operation Flow.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. Acknowledgement.- 6. References.- Parallel Architectures for Image Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Binary Image.- 3. Binary Image Transforms.- 3.1 Geometric Transforms.- 3.2 Logical Transforms.- 3.3 Dilation and Erosion.- 3.4 General Comparison.- 4. Hardware Implementation.- 4.1 Optomechanical Model.- 4.2 Binary Cell Arrays.- 4.3 Computational Efficiency.- 4.4 Window Configurations.- 5. Array Architectures.- 5.1 Pipelined Processor.- 6. Conclusion.- Color Display for Image Processing with Multiple Functions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Design Principles.- 2.1 Multiple Image Storage in the IC Memory.- 2.2 Arithmetic Operations on Each Picture Element.- 2.3 Access to the Displayed Data.- 2.4 Access from Multiple Computers.- 3. System Configuration.- 4. Utilization of Image Memory.- 5. Capabilities.- 5.1 Data Input and Output.- 5.2 Switching of Monitors.- 5.3 Pseudocolor Display.- 5.4 Mosaic Display.- 5.5 Display of Moving Images.- 5.6 Roll-up.- 5.7 Joystick.- 5.8 Vector Display.- 5.9 Character Display.- 5.10 Pointer Display.- 5.11 Variable Display Range.- 5.12 Arithmetic Operations.- 5.13 Image Input.- 6. Conclusion.- Image Processing Oriented Multiprocessor System with a Multipurpose Video Processor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interconnection Structure and Organization of the System.- 3. Intelligent Coupler and Implementation of Parallel Processing.- 4. Function and Organization of the Video System.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- Author Index.