Foreword xi
Preface xiii
General Introduction xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of Power System Operation 1
1.2 Operator 2
1.3 Process 3
1.4 Technology 4
1.5 Power System Operation Criteria 4
1.6 Outline of the Book 5
2 POWER SYSTEM MONITORING 6
2.1 Operator Function in Power System Monitoring 6
2.2 Process for Power System Monitoring 6
2.3 Technology for Power System Monitoring 8
2.3.1 The Role of System Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 8
2.3.2 State Estimation 10
2.3.3 Least Square Method for State Estimation 11
2.4 Bad Data Identification 16
2.5 Observability 19
Questions and Problems 19
3 POWER SYSTEM SCENARIO ANALYSIS 21
3.1 Operator Function in Power System Scenario Analysis 21
3.2 Process for Power System Scenario Analysis 21
3.3 Technology for Power System Control 22
3.3.1 Infrastructure for Power System Control 22
3.3.2 Technology for Power System Scenario Analysis: Power Flow 26
3.3.3 System Modeling 27
3.3.4 Power Flow Techniques 29
3.3.5 Factorization 42
3.3.6 Sparsity 45
3.3.7 Different Power Flow Scenarios and Applications 46
Questions and Problems 47
4 POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: STATIC SECURITY 48
4.1 Operator's Question on Power System Posturing: Static Security 48
4.2 Process for Power System Posturing: Static Security 48
4.3 Technology for Power System Posturing: Static Security 49
4.3.1 Contingency Analysis 49
4.3.2 Contingency Definition 50
4.3.3 Contingency Selection 51
4.3.4 Contingency Evaluation 56
4.3.5 Implementation of Remedial Action Schemes 60
Questions and Problems 60
5 POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: ANGULAR STABILITY 62
5.1 Operator's Question on Power System Posturing: Angular Stability 62
5.2 Process for Power System Posturing: Angular Stability 62
5.3 Technology for Power System Posturing: Angular Stability 65
5.3.1 Angular Stability Assessment 65
5.3.2 Power System Stability 68
5.3.3 Angular Stability 68
5.3.4 Transient Stability 68
5.3.5 Small System 69
5.3.6 Integration Methods 71
5.3.7 Equal-Area Criteria Method 74
5.3.8 Models for Other Components 81
5.3.9 Multimachine System 81
5.3.10 Small-Signal Stability 82
5.3.11 Angular Stability Limit Derivation 83
5.4 Implementation of Angular Stability Limits 85
Questions and Problems 86
6 POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: VOLTAGE STABILITY 88
6.1 Operator's Question on Power System Posturing: Voltage Stability 88
6.2 Process for Power System Posturing: Voltage Stability 88
6.3 Technology for Power System Posturing: Voltage Stability 91
6.3.1 Voltage Stability Assessment 91
6.4 Voltage Stability Limit Derivation and Implementation 99
6.4.1 Voltage Stability Limit Derivation 99
6.4.2 Implementation of Voltage Stability Limits 100
Questions and Problems 103
7 POWER SYSTEM GENERATION LOAD BALANCE 105
7.1 Operator's Question on Generation Load Balance 105
7.2 Process for Generation Load Balance 105
7.2.1 Introduction 105
7.2.2 NERC Standards for Automatic Generation Control 108
7.2.3 Process for Automatic Generation Control 109
7.3 Technology for Generation Load Balance 111
7.3.1 Automatic Generation Control Application 111
7.3.2 Automatic Generation Control Infrastructure 115
7.3.3 Example on AGC Operation 116
Questions and Problems 117
8 Power System Operation Optimization 119
8.1 Operator's Question on Power System Operation Optimization 119
8.2 Process for Power System Generation Operation 120
8.2.1 Introduction 120
8.2.2 Utility Model 120
8.3 Process for Generation Sufficiency 123
8.3.1 Generation Sufficiency Process for Operations Planning 123
8.3.2 Generation Sufficiency Process for Near Real Time 123
8.3.3 Generation Sufficiency Process for Real Time 124
8.4 Technology for Generation Sufficiency 124
8.4.1 Generation Sufficiency Applications 125
8.4.2 Generation Sufficiency Infrastructure 148
Questions and Problems 149
9 SYSTEM OPERATION CONTROL CENTERS 151
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Modern Control Center Attributes 151
9.3 Control Center Redundancy Configuration 154
9.4 Modern Control Center Configuration 155
9.5 Modern Control Center Design Details 156
Questions and Problems 159
10 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 161
10.1 Introduction 161
10.2 Ems Functionality Overview 162
10.2.1 System Monitoring 163
10.2.2 Decision Support Systems 164
10.2.3 EMS Control Actions 164
10.3 Energy Management System Availability Criteria and Architecture 165
10.3.1 Hardware Overview 166
10.3.2 Software Overview 168
10.3.3 Application Sequencing in EMS 171
10.3.4 Software Integration 172
Questions and Problems 174
11 DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 176
11.1 Introduction 176
11.2 DMS Functionality Overview 177
11.2.1 System Monitoring 179
11.2.2 Decision Support Systems 181
11.2.3 DMS Control Actions 186
11.3 Distribution Management System Architecture 186
11.3.1 Hardware Overview 186
11.3.2 Software Overview 187
11.3.3 Application Integration with DMS 189
Questions and Problems 192
12 EVOLVING POWER SYSTEM OPERATION SOLUTIONS 193
12.1 Introduction 193
12.2 Evolving Operation Solutions 193
12.2.1 Online Transient Stability 193
12.2.2 Online Voltage Stability 196
12.2.3 Total Transfer Capability Calculator 197
12.2.4 Transmission Outage Scheduling System 201
12.2.5 Synchrophasor Systems 202
12.2.6 Distribution Automation 204
12.2.7 Dynamic Thermal Rating Systems 205
12.2.8 Distributed Energy Resources 205
12.2.9 Demand Response 206
12.2.10 Microgrid 207
12.2.11 Real-Time Posturing and Control 208
12.2.12 Critical System Application and Facilities Heartbeat 208
12.2.13 Probabilistic Limit Calculations 208
12.2.14 Managing Critical Operations Knowledge: Operations Code Book 210
Appendix A Preliminary Concepts 211
A.1 Introduction 211
A.2 Phasor Representation 211
A.3 Per-Unit Representation 213
A.4 Matrix Algebra 215
A.5 Steady-State Component Modeling 216
A.5.1 Transmission Lines 216
A.5.2 Transformers and Phase Shifters 217
A.5.3 Generators 218
A.5.4 Shunts and Synchronous Condensers 218
A.5.5 Loads 218
A.5.6 Network Equations 218
References 219
Index 224
