Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions

Introduction 1
Irfan A. Omar and Michael K. Duffey

1 Jihad and Nonviolence in the Islamic Tradition 9
Irfan A. Omar

Overview of the Islamic tradition 10

Ways of Understanding Violence and Nonviolence 13

Jihad in the Qur'an 15

Peacemaking and the challenge of violence 21

Nonviolent Activism: Key Muslim Figures 26

Conclusion 33

Questions for Discussion 35

Notes 35

References 36

Further Reading 38

Muslim Peacemaking and Civil Rights Organizations/Resources 39

Glossary 40

1.1 A Confucian Response 41
Sin Yee Chan

1.2 A Jewish Response 44
Joshua Ezra Burns

2 Christianity: From Peacemaking to Violence and Home Again 47
Michael K. Duffey

Who was Jesus? 49

Jesus, Nonviolence, and Peacemaking 50

A Brief History of Christian Nonviolence and Violence 55

Christian conscience 63

Peace through Nonviolence 65

Conclusion 69

Questions for discussion 70

Notes 70

References 72

Further Reading 73

2.1 A Buddhist Response 75
Eleanor Rosch

2.2 A Muslim Response 80
Irfan A. Omar

3 Jewish Ideologies of Peace and Peacemaking 83
Joshua Ezra Burns

What is Judaism? 84

Jewish Terms for Peace and Peacemaking 87

War and Peace in the Hebrew Scriptures 90

Pacifism in the Rabbinic Tradition 92

The State of Israel 95

Pursuing Peace 98

Conclusions and Future Prospects 101

Questions for Discussion 102

References 102

Further Reading 104

Glossary 105

3.1 A Christian Response 107
Michael K. Duffey

3.2 A Native American Response 109
Tink Tinker

4 From Sincerity of Thought to Peace "All Under Heaven" (Tianxia ?V??): The Confucian Stance on Peace and Violence 112
Sin Yee Chan

Introduction to Confucianism 113

Meanings of peace 117

Peace on the ground 120

Violence and war 122

Conclusion 129

Questions for discussion 130

Notes 131

References 132

Further reading 133

Glossary 134

4.1 A Buddhist Response 135
Eleanor Rosch

4.2 A Jewish Response 139
Joshua Ezra Burns

5 "Peace is the Strongest Force in the World": Buddhist Paths to Peacemaking and Nonviolence 142
Eleanor Rosch

Overview of Buddhism 143

Historical Development of the Meanings of Peace, Nonviolence, and War 149

Moral Teachings Regarding Violence and Nonviolence 152

History of Buddhism's Responses to Violence 154

Emerging Innovative Peacemaking Practices 158

Conclusions: What in Buddhism Provides the Means for Nonviolent Peacemaking? 161

Questions for Discussion 164

Notes 165

References 166

Further Reading 167

Buddhist Peacemaking Organizations and Resources 169

Glossary 170

5.1 A Hindu Response 173
Kalpana Mohanty

5.2 A Native American Response 175
Tink Tinker

6 Peacemaking and Nonviolence in the Hindu Tradition 178
Kalpana Mohanty

Introduction to the Hindu tradition 179

Peace, war, and nonviolence 180

Hinduism's Response to Violence 182

Traditional Methods of Conflict Resolution 184

Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Satyagraha Movement 185

Practices and Disciplines that Contribute to Peacemaking 188

Hindu Peace Groups and Organizations 189

Innovative and Emerging Peacemaking Practices 190

Hindu Saints and Seminal Thinkers 192

Conclusion 195

Questions for Discussion 196

Notes 196

References 196

Further Reading 197

Hindu Peace Organizations 198

Glossary 198

6.1 A Christian Response 200
Michael K. Duffey

6.2 A Muslim Response 202
Irfan A. Omar

7 The Irrelevance of euro?]christian Dichotomies for Indigenous Peoples: Beyond Nonviolence to a Vision of Cosmic Balance 206
Tink Tinker

Religion 207

Balance as Reciprocal Dualism 210

Warfare 210

Nonviolence as Incompatible 215

World Incommensurability: the Dissimilitude of Otherness 216

Relationship = Less Extraneous Violence 219

Questions for discussion 220

Notes 221

References 223

Further reading 224

7.1 A Confucian Response 226
Sin Yee Chan

7.2 A Hindu Response 230
Kalpana Mohanty

Conclusion 232
Irfan A. Omar and Michael K. Duffey

Index 236