Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Symbols and Abbreviations xix
About the Companion Website xxv
1 Scope of Organic and Molecular Electronics 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Organic Materials for Electronics 2
1.3 Molecular Electronics 4
1.4 The Biological World 12
1.5 Future Opportunities 13
1.6 Conclusions 15
Problems 15
References 16
Further Reading 17
2 Materials' Foundations 19
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Electronic Structure 20
2.3 Chemical Bonding 27
2.4 Bonding in Organic Compounds 35
2.5 Crystalline and Non crystalline Materials 43
2.6 Polymers 53
2.7 Soft Matter: Emulsions, Foams, and Gels 58
2.8 Diffusion 59
Problems 60
Reference 60
Further Reading 60
3 Electrical Conductivity 63
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Classical Theory 64
3.3 Energy Bands in Solids 71
3.4 Organic Compounds 91
3.5 Low-Frequency Conductivity 105
3.6 Conductivity at High Frequencies 113
Problems 118
References 118
Further Reading 120
4 Optical Phenomena 121
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 122
4.3 Refractive Index 123
4.4 Interaction of EM Waves with Organic Molecules 127
4.5 Transmission and Reflection from Interfaces 140
4.6 Wave guiding 145
4.7 Surface Plasmons 146
4.8 Photonic Crystals 151
Problems 155
References 155
Further Reading 156
5 Electroactive Organic Compounds 157
5.1 Introduction 157
5.2 Selected Topics in Chemistry 158
5.3 Conductive Polymers 166
5.4 Charge-Transfer Complexes 170
5.5 Graphene, Fullerenes, and Nanotubes 173
5.6 Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity, and Ferroelectricity 180
5.7 Magnetic Materials 185
Problems 194
References 194
Further Reading 196
6 Tools for Molecular Electronics 197
6.1 Introduction 197
6.2 Direct Imaging 198
6.3 X-Ray Reflection 202
6.4 Neutron Reflection 206
6.5 Electron Diffraction 206
6.6 Infrared Spectroscopy 208
6.7 Surface Analytical Techniques 213
6.8 Scanning Probe Microscopies 214
6.9 Film Thickness Measurements 217
Problems 218
References 219
Further Reading 220
7 Thin Film Processing and Device Fabrication 221
7.1 Introduction 221
7.2 Established Deposition Methods 222
7.3 Molecular Architectures 239
7.4 Micro-and Nanofabrication 253
Problems 260
References 260
Further Reading 263
8 Liquid Crystals and Devices 265
8.1 Introduction 265
8.2 Liquid Crystal Phases 266
8.3 Liquid Crystal Polymers 271
8.4 Display Devices 273
8.5 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals 279
8.6 Polymer-dispersed Liquid Crystals 281
8.7 Liquid Crystal Lenses 282
8.8 Other Application Areas 283
Problems 284
References 285
Further Reading 286
9 Plastic Electronics 287
9.1 Introduction 288
9.2 Organic Diodes 288
9.3 Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Structures 292
9.4 Organic Field Effect Transistors 295
9.5 Organic Integrated Circuits 301
9.6 Transparent Conducting Films 303
9.7 Organic Light-emitting Devices 304
9.8 Organic Photovoltaic Devices 321
9.9 Other Application Areas 328
Problems 331
References 332
Further Reading 336
10 Chemical Sensors and Physical Actuators 337
10.1 Introduction 337
10.2 Sensing Systems 338
10.3 Definitions 339
10.4 Chemical Sensors 341
10.5 Biological Olfaction 360
10.6 Electronic Noses 362
10.7 Physical Sensors and Actuators 363
10.8 Wearable Electronics 369
Problems 369
References 370
Further Reading 371
11 Molecular and Nanoscale Electronics 373
11.1 Introduction 374
11.2 Nano systems 374
11.3 Engineering Materials at the Molecular Level 376
11.4 Molecular Device Architectures 381
11.5 Molecular Rectification 385
11.6 Electronic Switching and Memory Phenomena 387
11.7 Single-electron Devices 395
11.8 Optical and Chemical Switches 397
11.9 Nanomagnetics 402
11.10 Nanotube and Graphene Electronics 404
11.11 Molecular Actuation 407
11.12 Molecular Logic Circuits 410
11.13 Computing Architectures 412
11.14 Quantum Computing 414
11.15 Evolvable Electronics 415
Problems 416
References 416
Further Reading 420
12 Bioelectronics 421
12.1 Introduction 422
12.2 Biological Building Blocks 422
12.3 Nucleotides 429
12.4 Cells 433
12.5 Genetic Coding 434
12.6 The Biological Membrane 438
12.7 Neurons 443
12.8 Biosensors 445
12.9 DNA Electronics 449
12.10 Photobiology 450
12.11 Molecular Motors 458
Problems 461
References 461
Further Reading 463
Appendix 465
Index 469
