Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 What is Operations Research
1.2 Purpose of this Book
1.3 Range of Operations Research Techniques
1.4 Relationship between Operations Research and Analytics
1.5 Importance of Optimization
1.6 Why R?
1.7 Conventions Used in this Book
2 Introduction to Linear Programming
2.1 What is Linear Programming
2.2 Two Variable Base Case
2.3 Graphically Solving a Linear Program
2.4 Implementing and Solving with ompr
2.4.1 Preparing to Implement the Linear Program
2.4.2 Implementing the Base Case with Piping
2.5 Adding a Third Product (Variable)
2.5.1 Three Variable Base Case Formulation
2.5.2 Three Variable Base Case Implementation
2.5.3 Three Variable Case Results and Interpretation
2.6 Linear Programming Special Cases
2.6.1 Case 1: No Feasible Solution
2.6.2 Case 2: Multiple Optima
2.6.3 Case 3: Redundant Constraint
2.6.4 Case 4: Unbounded Solution
2.7 Abstracting the Production Planning Model
2.8 Methods of Solving Linear Programs
2.9 Exercises
3 More Linear Programming Models
3.1 Types of LP Models
3.2 The Algebraic Model
3.2.1 Tips and Conventions for Algebraic Models
3.2.2 Building the Generalized Model in R
3.2.3 Examining the Results
3.2.4 Changing the Model
3.3 Common Linear Programming Applications
3.3.1 Blending Problems
3.4 Allocation Models
3.4.1 Covering Models
3.4.2 Transportation Models
3.4.3 Transshipment Models
3.4.4 Production and Inventory Planning
3.4.5 Standard Form
3.5 Vector and Matrix Forms of LPs
3.6 Exercises
4 Sensitivity Analysis
4.1 Base Case
4.2 Shadow Prices
4.2.1 Extraction and Interpretation .
4.2.2 Example of Adding an Hour to Assembly
4.2.3 Shadow Prices of Underutilized Resources
4.3 Reduced Costs of Variables
4.3.1 Reduced Cost of Ants
4.3.2 Reduced Price of Bats
4.4 Using Sensitivity Analysis to Evaluate a New Product
4.5 Exercises
5 Data Envelopment Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Creating the Data
5.3 Graphical Analysis
5.4 The Linear Programs for DEA
5.4.1 An Explicit Linear Program for DEA
5.4.2 A Generalized Linear Program for DEA
5.5 Creating the LP - The Algebraic Approach
5.6 Returns to Scale
5.7 Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs
5.8 Extracting Multiplier Weights from Sensitivity Analysis
5.9 Slack Maximization
5.10 DEA Packages
5.11 DEA Model Building
5.11.1 Selection of Inputs and Outputs
5.11.2 Model Choices
5.11.3 Application Area Expertise
5.12 Further Reading
5.13 Exercises
6 Mixed Integer Optimization
6.1 Example of Minor Integrality Impact
6.2 Example of Major Integality Impact
6.3 The Branch and Bound Algorithm
6.3.1 The LP Relaxation
6.3.2 Subproblem I
6.3.3 Subproblem III
6.3.4 Subproblem IV
6.3.5 Subproblem V
6.3.6 Subproblem VI
6.3.7 Subproblem VII
6.3.8 Subproblem VIII
6.3.9 Subproblem II
6.4 Computational Complexity
6.4.1 Full Enumeration
6.5 Binary Variables and Logical Relations
6.6 Fixed Charge Models
6.6.1 Fixed Charge Example-Introduction
6.6.2 Linking Constraints with "Big M"
6.6.3 Fixed Charge Implementation
6.7 Model Results and Interpretation
7 More Integer Programming Models
7.1 Overview
7.2 Revisiting the Warehouse Location Problem
7.2.1 Implementing the Warehouse Model
7.2.2 Solving the Warehouse Location Problem
7.2.3 Warehouse Discussion
7.3 Solving MIPs with Different Solvers
7.3.1 Performance of glpk
7.3.2 Performance of symphony
7.3.3 Performance of lpsolve
7.3.4 Performance of gurobi
7.3.5 Comparing Results across Solvers
7.3.6 Popularity of LP Solvers
7.4 Solving Sudoku Puzzles using Optimization
7.4.1 Introduction to Sudoku and Optimization
7.4.2 Formulating the Sudoku Problem
7.4.3 Implementing Sudoku in ompr
7.4.4 Sudoku Discussion
7.5 Exercises
7.6 Production Planning over Time
7.6.1 Implementing the Model
7.7 Additional Exercises
8 Goal Programming
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Preemptive Goal Programming
8.3 Policies for Houselessness
8.4 Mass Mailings
8.4.1 Formulating the State Mailing Model
8.4.2 Implementing the State Mailing Model
8.4.3 Frontloading the Work
8.5 Exercises
Appendix
A A Very Brief Introduction to R
A.1 Purpose
A.2 Getting Started with R
A.3 Exercises
B Introduction to Math Notation
B.1 Purpose
B.2 Basic Summation Notation
B.3 Using LaTeX in RMarkdown
B.4 Inline Notation
B.5 Sums
B.6 Delimiters
B.7 Summary of Mathematical Notations
B.8 Sequences and Summation Notation
B.9 Applications of Summation
B.10 Double Summation
B.11 Applications of Double Summation
B.12 Exercises
C Troubleshooting
C.1 Overview
C.2 Model Building
C.2.1 Define and Formulate before Implementing
C.2.2 Failing to Look for Past Optimization Models
C.2.3 Misrendering of PDF
C.2.4 Blank Lines in LaTeX
C.2.5 Problems with PDF Creation
C.3 Implementation Troubleshooting
C.3.1 Errors in a Piped Model
C.3.2 Undefined Object in ompr
C.3.3 Unexpected Symbol in ompr
C.3.4 Name Conflicts between R and ompr
C.3.5 Blindly Reusing Code
C.4 General Debugging Tips
C.5 Getting Help
D Making Good Tables 263
D.1 Importance of Tables in Modeling
D.2 Kable vs. Kbl
D.3 Table Footnotes with Kable
D.4 Setting Row and Column Names in Kable
D.5 Booktabs vs. Default
D.6 Using LaTeX in Kable Column Names
D.7 Fitting Tables to Page Width
Bibliography
Index
