Preface xix
1 Light Rays 1
1.1 Light Rays in Human Experience 1
1.2 Ray Optics 2
1.3 Reflection 2
1.4 Refraction 3
1.5 Fermat's Principle: The Optical Path Length 5
1.6 Prisms 8
1.7 Light Rays in Wave Guides 10
1.8 Lenses and Curved Mirrors 15
1.9 Matrix Optics 17
1.10 Ray Optics and Particle Optics 23
Problems 25
2 Wave Optics 29
2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Fields 29
2.2 Wave Types 37
2.3 Gaussian Beams 40
2.4 Vector Light: Polarization 50
2.5 Optomechanics: Mechanical Action of Light Beams 58
2.6 Diffraction 63
2.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction 67
2.8 Fresnel Diffraction 71
2.9 Beyond Gaussian Beams: Diffraction Integral and ABCD Formalism 77
Problems 77
3 Light Propagation in Matter: Interfaces, Dispersion, and Birefringence 83
3.1 Dielectric Interfaces 83
3.2 Interfaces of Conducting Materials 89
3.3 Light Pulses in Dispersive Materials 94
3.4 Anisotropic Optical Materials 103
3.5 Optical Modulators 110
Problems 119
4 Light Propagation in Structured Matter 121
4.1 Optical Wave Guides and Fibers 122
4.2 Dielectric Photonic Materials 132
4.3 Metamaterials 143
Problems 147
5 Optical Images 149
5.1 Simple Lenses 149
5.2 The Human Eye 151
5.3 Magnifying Glass and Eyepiece 152
5.4 Microscopes 154
5.5 Scanning Microscopy Methods 161
5.6 Telescopes 166
5.7 Lenses: Designs and Aberrations 169
Problems 177
6 Coherence and Interferometry 181
6.1 Young's Double Slit 181
6.2 Coherence and Correlation 182
6.3 The Double-Slit Experiment 185
6.4 Michelson interferometer: longitudinal coherence 191
6.5 Fabry-Perot Interferometer 197
6.6 Optical Cavities 202
6.7 Thin Optical Films 208
6.8 Holography 210
6.9 Laser Speckle (Laser Granulation) 214
Problems 216
7 Light and Matter 219
7.1 Classical Radiation Interaction 220
7.2 Two-Level Atoms 229
7.3 Stimulated and Spontaneous Radiation Processes 239
7.4 Inversion and Amplification 242
Problems 246
8 The Laser 249
8.1 The Classic System: The He-Ne Laser 251
8.2 Other Gas Lasers 261
8.3 The Workhorses: Solid-State Lasers 268
8.4 Selected Solid-State Lasers 271
8.5 Tunable Lasers with Vibronic States 279
8.6 Tunable Ring Lasers 281
Problems 283
9 Laser Dynamics 285
9.1 Basic Laser Theory 285
9.2 Laser Rate Equations 291
9.3 Threshold-Less Lasers and Micro-lasers 295
9.4 Laser Noise 298
9.5 Pulsed Lasers 305
Problems 316
10 Semiconductor Lasers 319
10.1 Semiconductors 319
10.2 Optical Properties of Semiconductors 322
10.3 The Heterostructure Laser 330
10.4 Dynamic Properties of Semiconductor Lasers 339
10.5 Laser Diodes, Diode Lasers, and Laser Systems 345
10.6 High-Power Laser Diodes 348
Problems 350
11 Sensors for Light 353
11.1 Characteristics of Optical Detectors 354
11.2 Fluctuating Optoelectronic Quantities 357
11.3 Photon Noise and Detectivity Limits 359
11.4 Thermal Detectors 364
11.5 Quantum Sensors I: Photomultiplier Tubes 366
11.6 Quantum Sensors II: Semiconductor Sensors 370
11.7 Position and Image Sensors 374
Problems 377
12 Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling 379
12.1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) 379
12.2 Absorption and Dispersion 380
12.3 The Width of Spectral Lines 382
12.4 Doppler-Free Spectroscopy 388
12.5 Light Forces 394
Problems 404
13 Coherent Light-Matter Interaction 407
13.1 Weak Coupling and Strong Coupling 407
13.2 Transient Phenomena 410
14 Photons: An Introduction to Quantum Optics 417
14.1 Does Light Exhibit Quantum Character? 417
14.2 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field 418
14.3 Spontaneous Emission 421
14.4 Resonance Fluorescence 427
14.5 Light Fields in Quantum Optics 435
14.6 Two-Photon Optics 444
14.7 Entangled Photons 448
Problems 455
15 Nonlinear Optics I: Optical Mixing Processes 457
15.1 Charged Anharmonic Oscillators 457
15.2 Second-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility 459
15.3 Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Media 464
15.4 Frequency Doubling 466
15.5 Sum and Difference Frequency 477
15.6 Optical Parametric Oscillators 479
Problems 482
16 Nonlinear Optics II: Four-Wave Mixing 485
16.1 Frequency Tripling in Gases 485
16.2 Nonlinear Refraction Coefficient (Optical Kerr Effect) 487
16.3 Self-Phase Modulation 494
Problems 495
A Mathematics for Optics 497
A.1 Spectral Analysis of Fluctuating Measurable Quantities 497
A.2 Time Averaging Formula 502
B.1 Temporal Evolution of a Two-State System 503
B.2 Density Matrix Formalism 504
B.3 Density of States 505
Bibliography 507
Index 519
