Preface xxi
Glossary xxv
About the Companion Website xxix
1 Geometrical Optics 1
1.1 Geometrical Optics – Ray and Wave Optics 1
1.2 Fermat’s Principle and the Eikonal Equation 2
1.3 Sequential Geometrical Optics – A Generalised Description 3
1.4 Behaviour of Simple Optical Components and Surfaces 10
1.5 Paraxial Approximation and Gaussian Optics 15
1.6 Matrix Ray Tracing 16
Further Reading 21
2 Apertures Stops and Simple Instruments 23
2.1 Function of Apertures and Stops 23
2.2 Aperture Stops, Chief, and Marginal Rays 23
2.3 Entrance Pupil and Exit Pupil 25
2.4 Telecentricity 27
2.5 Vignetting 27
2.6 Field Stops and Other Stops 28
2.7 Tangential and Sagittal Ray Fans 28
2.8 Two Dimensional Ray Fans and Anamorphic Optics 28
2.9 Optical Invariant and Lagrange Invariant 30
2.10 Eccentricity Variable 31
2.11 Image Formation in Simple Optical Systems 31
Further Reading 36
3 Monochromatic Aberrations 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Breakdown of the Paraxial Approximation and Third Order Aberrations 37
3.3 Aberration and Optical Path Difference 41
3.4 General Third Order Aberration Theory 46
3.5 Gauss-Seidel Aberrations 47
3.6 Summary of Third Order Aberrations 55
Further Reading 58
4 Aberration Theory and Chromatic Aberration 59
4.1 General Points 59
4.2 Aberration Due to a Single Refractive Surface 60
4.3 Reflection from a Spherical Mirror 64
4.4 Refraction Due to Optical Components 67
4.5 The Effect of Pupil Position on Element Aberration 78
4.6 Abbe Sine Condition 81
4.7 Chromatic Aberration 83
4.8 Hierarchy of Aberrations 92
Further Reading 94
5 Aspheric Surfaces and Zernike Polynomials 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Aspheric Surfaces 95
5.3 Zernike Polynomials 100
Further Reading 109
6 Diffraction, Physical Optics, and Image Quality 111
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 The Eikonal Equation 112
6.3 Huygens Wavelets and the Diffraction Formulae 112
6.4 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Approximation 115
6.5 Diffraction in an Optical System – the Airy Disc 116
6.6 The Impact of Aberration on System Resolution 120
6.7 Laser Beam Propagation 123
6.8 Fresnel Diffraction 130
6.9 Diffraction and Image Quality 132
Further Reading 138
7 Radiometry and Photometry 139
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Radiometry 139
7.3 Scattering of Light from Rough Surfaces 146
7.4 Scattering of Light from Smooth Surfaces 147
7.5 Radiometry and Object Field Illumination 151
7.6 Radiometric Measurements 155
7.7 Photometry 158
Further Reading 166
8 Polarisation and Birefringence 169
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Polarisation 170
8.3 Birefringence 178
8.4 Polarisation Devices 187
8.5 Analysis of Polarisation Components 191
8.6 Stress-induced Birefringence 196
Further Reading 197
9 Optical Materials 199
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Refractive Properties of Optical Materials 200
9.3 Transmission Characteristics of Materials 212
9.4 Thermomechanical Properties 215
9.5 Material Quality 219
9.6 Exposure to Environmental Attack 221
9.7 Material Processing 221
Further Reading 222
10 Coatings and Filters 223
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 Properties of Thin Films 223
10.3 Filters 232
10.4 Design of Thin Film Filters 244
10.5 Thin Film Materials 246
10.6 Thin Film Deposition Processes 247
Further Reading 250
11 Prisms and Dispersion Devices 251
11.1 Introduction 251
11.2 Prisms 251
11.3 Analysis of Diffraction Gratings 257
11.4 Diffractive Optics 273
11.5 Grating Fabrication 274
Further Reading 276
12 Lasers and Laser Applications 277
12.1 Introduction 277
12.2 Stimulated Emission Schemes 279
12.3 Laser Cavities 284
12.4 Taxonomy of Lasers 293
12.5 List of Laser Types 298
12.6 Laser Applications 301
Further Reading 308
13 Optical Fibres and Waveguides 309
13.1 Introduction 309
13.2 Geometrical Description of Fibre Propagation 310
13.3 Waveguides and Modes 317
13.4 Single Mode Optical Fibres 324
13.5 Optical Fibre Materials 329
13.6 Coupling of Light into Fibres 330
13.7 Fibre Splicing and Connection 334
13.8 Fibre Splitters, Combiners, and Couplers 335
13.9 Polarisation and Polarisation Maintaining Fibres 335
13.10 Focal Ratio Degradation 336
13.11 Periodic Structures in Fibres 336
13.12 Fibre Manufacture 338
13.13 Fibre Applications 339
Further Reading 339
14 Detectors 341
14.1 Introduction 341
14.2 Detector Types 341
14.3 Noise in Detectors 354
14.4 Radiometry and Detectors 364
14.5 Array Detectors in Instrumentation 365
Further Reading 368
15 Optical Instrumentation – Imaging Devices 369
15.1 Introduction 369
15.2 The Design of Eyepieces 370
15.3 Microscope Objectives 378
15.4 Telescopes 381
15.5 Camera Systems 392
Further Reading 405
16 Interferometers and Related Instruments 407
16.1 Introduction 407
16.2 Background 407
16.3 Classical Interferometers 409
16.4 Calibration 418
16.5 Interferometry and Null Tests 420
16.6 Interferometry and Phase Shifting 425
16.7 Miscellaneous Characterisation Techniques 426
Further Reading 433
17 Spectrometers and Related Instruments 435
17.1 Introduction 435
17.2 Basic Spectrometer Designs 436
17.3 Time Domain Spectrometry 454
Further Reading 457
18 Optical Design 459
18.1 Introduction 459
18.2 Design Philosophy 461
18.3 Optical Design Tools 467
18.4 Non-Sequential Modelling 487
18.5 Afterword 495
Further Reading 495
19 Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Modelling 497
19.1 Introduction 497
19.2 Basic Elastic Theory 498
19.3 Basic Analysis of Mechanical Distortion 501
19.4 Basic Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Distortion 517
19.5 Finite Element Analysis 525
Further Reading 529
20 Optical Component Manufacture 531
20.1 Introduction 531
20.2 Conventional Figuring of Optical Surfaces 532
20.3 Specialist Shaping and Polishing Techniques 539
20.4 Diamond Machining 541
20.5 Edging and Bonding 547
20.6 Form Error and Surface Roughness 550
20.7 Standards and Drawings 551
Further Reading 557
21 System Integration and Alignment 559
21.1 Introduction 559
21.2 Component Mounting 561
21.3 Optical Bonding 573
21.4 Alignment 577
21.5 Cleanroom Assembly 583
Further Reading 586
22 Optical Test and Verification 587
22.1 Introduction 587
22.2 Facilities 589
22.3 Environmental Testing 591
22.4 Geometrical Testing 595
22.5 Image Quality Testing 603
22.6 Radiometric Tests 604
22.7 Material and Component Testing 609
Further Reading 612
Index 613
