PREFACE xi
ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGRAPHY 1
1.1. The encryption function 1
1.1.1. 3DES algorithm 3
1.1.2. AES algorithm 6
1.1.3. RSA algorithm 10
1.1.4. ECC algorithm 12
1.2. Hash function 13
1.2.1. MD5 algorithm 13
1.2.2. SHA algorithm 16
1.2.3. HMAC mechanism 20
1.3. Key exchange 22
1.3.1. Secret-key generation 22
1.3.2. Public key distribution 24
CHAPTER 2. 802.1X MECHANISM 27
2.1. General introduction 27
2.2. EAPOL protocol 28
2.2.1. EAPOL-Start message 30
2.2.2. EAPOL-Logoff message 30
2.2.3. EAPOL-Key message 30
2.2.4. EAPOL-Encapsulated-ASF-Alert message 31
2.2.5. EAPOL-MKA message 31
2.2.6. EAPOL-Announcement message 31
2.2.7. EAPOL-Announcement-Req message 32
2.3. EAP protocol 32
2.3.1. EAP-Method Identity 35
2.3.2. EAP-Method Notification 35
2.3.3. EAP-Method NAK 36
2.4. RADIUS protocol 36
2.4.1. RADIUS messages 38
2.4.2. RADIUS attributes 39
2.5. Authentication procedures 42
2.5.1. EAP-MD5 procedure 44
2.5.2. EAP-TLS procedure 45
2.5.3. EAP-TTLS procedure 48
CHAPTER 3. WPA MECHANISMS 51
3.1. Introduction to Wi-Fi technology 51
3.2. Security mechanisms 54
3.3. Security policies 55
3.4. Key management 59
3.4.1. Key hierarchy 59
3.4.2. EAPOL-key messages 61
3.4.3. Four-way handshake procedure 63
3.4.4. Group key handshake procedure 67
3.5. WEP protocol 68
3.6. TKIP protocol 70
3.7. CCMP protocol 73
CHAPTER 4. IPSEC MECHANISM 77
4.1. Review of IP protocols 77
4.1.1. IPv4 protocol 77
4.1.2. IPv6 protocol 80
4.2. IPSec architecture 83
4.2.1. Security headers 85
4.2.2. Security association 89
4.2.3. PMTU processing 92
4.3. IKEv2 protocol 93
4.3.1. Message header 93
4.3.2. Blocks 96
4.3.3. Procedure 102
CHAPTER 5. SSL, TLS AND DTLS PROTOCOLS 109
5.1. Introduction 109
5.2. SSL/TLS protocols 111
5.2.1. Record header 111
5.2.2. Change_cipher_spec message 112
5.2.3. Alert message 112
5.2.4. Handshake messages 114
5.2.5. Cryptographic information 124
5.3. DTLS protocol 126
5.3.1. Adaptation to UDP transport 126
5.3.2. Adaptation to DCCP transport 129
5.3.3. Adaption to SCTP transport 130
5.3.4. Adaption to SRTP transport 131
CHAPTER 6. NETWORK MANAGEMENT 133
6.1. SNMPv3 management 133
6.1.1. Introduction 133
6.1.2. SNMPv3 architecture 135
6.1.3. SNMPv3 message structure 143
6.2. SSH protocol 146
6.2.1. SSH-TRANS protocol 146
6.2.2. SSH-USERAUTH protocol 151
6.2.3. SSH-CONNECT protocol 152
CHAPTER 7. MPLS TECHNOLOGY 155
7.1. MPLS overview 155
7.1.1. Network architecture 155
7.1.2. LSR router tables 157
7.1.3. PHP function 158
7.1.4. MPLS header format 159
7.1.5. DiffServ support 160
7.2. LDP protocol 162
7.2.1. Principles of functioning 162
7.2.2. LDP PDU format 165
7.2.3. LDP messages 167
7.3. VPN construction 170
7.3.1. Network architecture 170
7.3.2. Differentiation of routes 174
7.3.3. Route target 175
7.3.4. Principles of operation 177
7.4. Network interconnection 180
7.4.1. Hierarchical mode 181
7.4.2. Recursive mode 182
CHAPTER 8. ETHERNET VPN 185
8.1. Ethernet technology 185
8.1.1. Physical layer 186
8.1.2. MAC layer 188
8.1.3. VLAN isolation 191
8.2. PBT technology 194
8.3. VPLS technology 196
8.3.1. Network architecture 196
8.3.2. EoMPLS header 199
8.3.3. LDP 201
8.4. L2TPv3 technology 203
8.4.1. Data message 203
8.4.2. Control messages 205
8.4.3. Procedures 208
CHAPTER 9. FIREWALLS 215
9.1. Technologies 215
9.1.1. Packet filter 216
9.1.2. Applicative gateway 218
9.1.3. NAT/NAPT device 219
9.2. NAT/NAPT device crossing 222
9.2.1. ICMP protocol 223
9.2.2. IPSec mechanism 224
9.2.3. SIP, SDP and RTP protocols 227
9.2.4. FTP protocol 233
9.2.5. Fragmentation 235
CHAPTER 10. INTRUSION DETECTION 237
10.1. Typology of attacks 237
10.2. Methods of detection 239
10.2.1. Signature-based detection 240
10.2.2. Anomaly-based detection 240
10.2.3. Protocol analysis 241
10.3. Technologies 242
10.3.1. N-IDPS device 243
10.3.2. WIDPS device 246
10.3.3. H-IDPS device 248
10.3.4. NBA device 249
BIBLIOGRAPHY 253
INDEX 259
