Modern Optical Spectroscopy

Cover -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 The Beer-Lambert Law -- 1.3 Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.4 Absorption Spectra of Proteins and Nucleic Acids -- 1.5 Absorption Spectra of Mixtures -- 1.6 The Photoelectric Effect -- 1.7 Techniques for Measuring Absorbance -- 1.8 Pump-Probe and Photon-Echo Experiments -- 1.9 Linear and Circular Dichroism -- 1.10 Distortions of Absorption Spectra by Light Scattering or Nonuniform Distributions of the Absorbing Molecules -- 1.11 Fluorescence -- 1.12 IR and Raman Spectroscopy -- 1.13 Lasers -- 1.14 Nomenclature -- 2 Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics -- 2.1 Wavefunctions, Operators, and Expectation Values -- 2.1.1 Wavefunctions -- 2.1.2 Operators and Expectation Values -- 2.2 The Time-Dependent and Time-Independent Schr??odinger Equations -- 2.2.1 Superposition States -- 2.3 Spatial Wavefunctions -- 2.3.1 A Free Particle -- 2.3.2 A Particle in a Box -- 2.3.3 The Harmonic Oscillator -- 2.3.4 Atomic Orbitals -- 2.3.5 Molecular Orbitals -- 2.3.6 Approximate Wavefunctions for Large Systems -- 2.4 Spin Wavefunctions and Singlet and Triplet States -- 2.5 Transitions Between States: Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory -- 2.6 Lifetimes of States and the Uncertainty Principle -- 3 Light -- 3.1 Electromagnetic Fields -- 3.1.1 Electrostatic Forces and Fields -- 3.1.2 Electrostatic Potentials -- 3.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation -- 3.1.4 Energy Density and Irradiance -- 3.1.5 The Complex Electric Susceptibility and Refractive Index -- 3.1.6 Local-Field Correction Factors -- 3.2 The Black-Body Radiation Law -- 3.3 Linear and Circular Polarization -- 3.4 Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation -- 3.5 Superposition States and Interference Effects in Quantum Optics -- 3.6 Distribution of Frequencies in Short Pulses of Light -- 4 Electronic Absorption -- 4.1 Interactions of Electrons with Oscillating Electric Fields -- 4.2 The Rates of Absorption and Stimulated Emission -- 4.3 Transition Dipoles and Dipole Strengths -- 4.4 Calculating Transition Dipoles for Molecular Orbitals -- 4.5 Molecular Symmetry and Forbidden and Allowed Transitions -- 4.6 Linear Dichroism -- 4.7 Configuration Interactions -- 4.8 Calculating Electric Transition Dipoles with the Gradient Operator -- 4.9 Transition Dipoles for Excitations to Singlet and Triplet States -- 4.10 The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, Franck-Condon Factors, and the Shapes of Electronic Absorption Bands -- 4.11 Spectroscopic Hole-Burning -- 4.12 Effects of the Surroundings on Molecular Transition Energies -- 4.13 The Electronic Stark Effect -- 5 Fluorescence -- 5.1 The Einstein Coefficients -- 5.2 The Stokes Shift -- 5.3 The Mirror-Image Law -- 5.4 The Strickler-Berg Equation and Other Relationships Between Absorption and Fluorescence -- 5.5 Quantum Theory of Absorption and Emission -- 5.6 Fluorescence Yields and Lifetimes -- 5.7 Fluorescent Probes and Tags -- 5.8 Photobleaching -- 5.9 Fluorescence Anisotropy -- 5.10 Single-Molecule Fluorescence and High-Resolution Fluoresc.