Contributors, ix
Preface, xii
About the companion website, xiv
1 IN PURSUIT OF MARINE CONSERVATION, 1
1.1 The emergence of modern marine conservation, 1
1.2 Defining "marine conservation", 4
1.3 Marine conservation's scope, 4
1.4 Adapting marine conservation to the 21st century, 5
2 MARINE CONSERVATION ISSUES, 7
2.1 Igniting marine conservation concern, 7
2.2 Primary issues: loss of marine biodiversity, 7
2.3 Secondary issues: human activities, 13
2.4 Tertiary issues: emergent and unintended consequences, 30
2.5 The challenge for the 21st century, 35
3 MARINE CONSERVATION MECHANISMS, 43
3.1 The toolkit, 43
3.2 Biological conservation, 43
3.3 Spatially explicit conservation, 48
3.4 Governance: policy, strategy, tactics, 50
3.5 Policy instruments for marine conservation, 54
3.6 Management concepts, 65
3.7 Agents for conservation, 68
3.8 Conclusion, 70
4 MARINE SYSTEMS: THE BASE FOR CONSERVATION, 74
4.1 A systems approach, 74
4.2 Dynamic planetary forces, 74
4.3 Major ocean structures and conditions, 78
4.4 Planetary cycles, 81
4.5 Major planetary interfaces, 82
4.6 The dynamic coastal realm, 86
4.7 The coastal realm: an ecosystem of global importance, 92
4.8 The ecosystem concept, 97
4.9 Ecosystem base for conservation, 99
5 NATURAL HISTORY OF MARINE ORGANISMS, 105
5.1 What is natural history?, 105
5.2 Darwinian evolution, 105
5.3 Diversity of marine life, 106
5.4 Life history, 112
5.5 Biological associations, 123
5.6 Biogeographic patterns in space and time, 126
5.7 Biotic functional diversity, 127
5.8 "Seascape" as an organizing principle, 131
5.9 Natural history: the basis for conservation, 132
6 CHESAPEAKE BAY: ESTUARINE RESTORATION WITH AN ENVIRONMENTAL DEBT, 137
6.1 The great shellfish bay, 137
6.2 Ecological linkages to natural wealth, 137
6.3 Eastern oyster: quintessential estuarine species, 151
6.4 From resource abundance to ecosystem change, 154
6.5 Bay restoration: chartering a course, 163
6.6 People shall judge, 165
7 BERING SEA SEALS AND WALRUSES: RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, 171
G. Carleton Ray, Gary L. Hufford, Thomas R. Loughlin and Igor Krupnik
7.1 A short history of dramatic change, 171
7.2 Biophysical setting, 172
7.3 Marine mammals of the southeastern Bering Sea, 174
7.4 Ice-dependent pinnipeds of the northern Bering Sea, 179
7.5 Do large marine mammals matter?, 186
7.6 The conflict arena, 191
7.7 Cultural factors: subsistence hunting, traditional knowledge, and community well-being, 194
7.8 Are Beringian pinnipeds and the Bering Sea ecosystem at risk?, 197
8 THE BAHAMAS: CONSERVATION FOR A TROPICAL ISLAND NATION, 200
8.1 A nation of islands, 200
8.2 Biophysical and social setting, 200
8.3 Conservation issues, 207
8.4 Governance for sustainability, 222
8.5 Island system at a crossroads, 230
9 THE ISLES OF SCILLY: SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY, 234
Richard M. Warwick
9.1 Setting the scene, 234
9.2 Physical and biogeographic setting, 234
9.3 Measuring and measures of biodiversity, 237
9.4 Sustaining biodiversity from possible threats, 253
9.5 Conservation legislation, mechanisms, and voluntary actions, 256
9.6 The conservation status of Scilly, 260
10 GWAII HAANAS: FROM CONFLICT TO COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT, 262
N. A. Sloan
10.1 Nation-to-nation pursuit of land-sea conservation, 262
10.2 Natural heritage, 263
10.3 Cultural and commercial heritage, 272
10.4 Integrating land-sea conservation, 278
10.5 Crucible for ecosystem-based management, 284
11 SOUTH AFRICA: COASTAL-MARINE CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN A DYNAMIC SOCIO-POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT, 288
Barry Clark and Allan Heydorn
11.1 A challenge for governance, 288
11.2 South Africa's coastal realm: physical, biotic, and human setting, 289
11.3 Major conservation issues of South African coasts, 294
11.4 Coastal resource management: past and present, 303
11.5 In pursuit of the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, 306
11.6 The future of coastal management in South Africa, 311
12 SPECIES-DRIVEN CONSERVATION OF PATAGONIAN SEASCAPES, 315
Claudio Campagna, Valeria Falabella, and Victoria Zavattieri
12.1 Darwin's Patagonia, 315
12.2 A conservation dilemma, 316
12.3 Oceanographic and biogeographic settings, 319
12.4 Conservation setting: the status of a non-pristine ocean, 322
12.5 Seascape species: a first approach to setting conservation priorities, 323
12.6 From seascape spaces to important foraging areas, 324
12.7 The concept of "Large Ocean Reserves", 326
12.8 A first step towards a Patagonian Sea LOR: candidate areas for conservation, 331
12.9 Making slow progress, 335
References, 336
Suggested readings, 337
13 FROM BEING TO BECOMING: A FUTURE VISION, 339
13.1 The new normal, 339
13.2 From being . . . , 339
13.3 . . . to becoming, 340
13.4 Emerging concepts for marine conservation, 344
13.5 Look to the future, 353
References, 353
Species index, 357
Subject index, 361
