List of Contributors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Radio Technology Convergence Towards LTE 1
1.3 LTE Capabilities 3
1.4 Underlying Technology Evolution 4
1.5 Traffic Growth 4
1.6 LTE-Advanced Schedule 6
1.7 LTE-Advanced Overview 6
1.8 Summary 7
2 LTE-Advanced Standardization 8
Antti Toskala
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 8
2.3 LTE-Advanced Requirements 9
2.4 LTE-Advanced Study and Specification Phases 10
2.5 Further LTE-Advanced 3GPP Releases 11
2.6 LTE-Advanced Specifications 11
2.7 Conclusions 12
References 12
3 LTE Release 8 and 9 Overview 14
Antti Toskala
3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 Physical Layer 14
3.3 Architecture 22
3.4 Protocols 23
3.5 EPC and IMS 26
3.6 UE Capability and Differences in Release 8 and 9 27
3.7 Conclusions 28
References 29
4 Downlink Carrier Aggregation 30
Mieszko Chmiel and Antti Toskala
4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Carrier Aggregation Principle 30
4.3 Protocol Impact from Carrier Aggregation 33
4.4 Physical Layer Impact from Carrier Aggregation 38
4.5 Performance 42
4.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 46
4.7 Conclusions 48
Reference 49
5 Uplink Carrier Aggregation 50
Jari Lindholm, Claudio Rosa, Hua Wang and Antti Toskala
5.1 Introduction 50
5.2 Uplink Carrier Aggregation Principle 50
5.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 51
5.4 Physical Layer Impact from Uplink Carrier Aggregation 52
5.5 Performance 56
5.6 Band Combinations for Carrier Aggregation 61
5.7 Conclusions 62
References 62
6 Downlink MIMO 63
Timo Lunttila, Peter Skov and Antti Toskala
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Downlink MIMO Enhancements Overview 63
6.3 Protocol Impact from Downlink MIMO Enhancements 64
6.4 Physical Layer Impact from Downlink MIMO 65
6.5 Performance 70
6.6 Conclusions 73
References 74
7 Uplink MIMO 75
Timo Lunttila, Kari Hooli, YuYu Yan and Antti Toskala
7.1 Introduction 75
7.2 Uplink MIMO Enhancements Overview 75
7.3 Protocol Impacts from Uplink MIMO 76
7.4 Physical Layer Impacts from Uplink MIMO 77
7.4.1 Uplink Reference Signal Structure 77
7.4.2 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Data 79
7.4.3 MIMO Transmission for Uplink Control Signalling 82
7.4.4 Multi-User MIMO Transmission in the Uplink 82
7.5 Performance 83
7.6 Conclusions 84
References 85
8 Heterogeneous Networks 86
Harri Holma, Patrick Marsch and Klaus Pedersen
8.1 Introduction 86
8.2 Base Station Classes 87
8.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management 89
8.3.1 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in Idle State 90
8.3.2 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management in the Connected State 91
8.3.3 Traffic Steering and Mobility Management with Femto Cells 91
8.3.4 WiFi Offloading 92
8.4 Interference Management 94
8.4.1 Static Interference Avoidance through Frequency Reuse Patterns 96
8.4.2 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Frequency Domain 97
8.4.3 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Time Domain 98
8.4.4 Dynamic Interference Coordination in the Power Domain 101
8.5 Performance Results 101
8.5.1 Macro and Outdoor Pico Scenarios 102
8.5.2 Macro and Femto Scenarios 105
8.6 Local IP Access (LIPA) 107
8.7 Summary 108
References 108
9 Relays 110
Harri Holma, Bernhard Raaf and Simone Redana
9.1 Introduction 110
9.2 General Overview 111
9.3 Physical Layer 112
9.3.1 Inband and Outband Relays 112
9.3.2 Sub-frames 113
9.3.3 Retransmissions 115
9.3.4 Relays Compared to Repeaters 116
9.3.5 Relays in TD-LTE 118
9.4 Architecture and Protocols 118
9.4.1 Sub-frame Configuration with Relay Nodes 118
9.4.2 Bearer Usage with Relay Nodes 119
9.4.3 Packet Header Structure in the Relay Interface 120
9.4.4 Attach Procedure 121
9.4.5 Handovers 121
9.4.6 Autonomous Neighbour Relations 122
9.5 Radio Resource Management 124
9.6 Coverage and Capacity 125
9.6.1 Coverage Gain 126
9.6.2 User Throughput Gains 128
9.6.3 Cost Analysis 129
9.7 Relay Enhancements 130
9.8 Summary 132
References 132
10 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 135
Cinzia Sartori and Harri Holma
10.1 Introduction 135
10.2 SON Roadmap in 3GPP Releases 135
10.3 Self-Optimization 137
10.3.1 Mobility Robustness Optimization 137
10.3.2 Mobility Load Balancing 142
10.3.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 142
10.3.4 MDT Management and Reporting 144
10.3.5 Energy Savings 145
10.3.6 eNodeB Overlay 146
10.3.7 Capacity-Limited Network 147
10.3.8 Capacity and Coverage Optimization 148
10.4 Self-Healing 150
10.4.1 Cell Outage Compensation 150
10.5 SON Features in 3GPP Release 11 151
10.6 Summary 151
References 152
11 Performance Evaluation 153
Harri Holma and Klaus Pedersen
11.1 Introduction 153
11.2 LTE-Advanced Targets 154
11.2.1 ITU Evaluation Environments 155
11.3 LTE-Advanced Performance Evaluation 156
11.3.1 Peak Data Rates 156
11.3.2 UE Categories 157
11.3.3 ITU Efficiency Evaluation 158
11.3.4 3GPP Efficiency Evaluation 160
11.4 Network Capacity and Coverage 163
11.5 Summary 165
References 165
12 Release 11 and Outlook Towards Release 12 166
Timo Lunttila, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Jun Tan, Amitava Ghosh and Antti Toskala
12.1 Introduction 166
12.2 Release 11 LTE-Advanced Content 166
12.3 Advanced LTE UE Receiver 168
12.3.1 Overview of MMSE-MRC and MMSE-IRC Methods 169
12.3.2 Performance of UE Receiver using IRC and its Comparison
to MRC Receiver for Various DL Transmit Modes 170
12.4 Machine Type Communications 172
12.5 Carrier Aggregation Enhancements 177
12.6 Enhanced Downlink Control Channel 179
12.7 Release 12 LTE-Advanced Outlook 181
12.8 Conclusions 183
References 183
13 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 184
Harri Holma, Kari Hooli, Pasi Kinnunen, Troels Kolding, PatrickMarsch and Xiaoyi Wang
13.1 Introduction 184
13.2 CoMP Concept 184
13.3 Radio Network Architecture Options 187
13.4 Downlink CoMP Transmission 190
13.4.1 Enablers for Downlink CoMP in 3GPP 191
13.4.2 Signal Processing and RRM for CoMP 192
13.4.3 Other Implementation Aspects 194
13.5 Uplink CoMP Reception 194
13.6 Downlink CoMP Gains 198
13.7 Uplink CoMP Gains 201
13.8 CoMP Field Trials 204
13.9 Summary 205
References 205
14 HSPA Evolution 206
Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho
14.1 Introduction 206
14.2 Multicarrier Evolution 206
14.3 Multiantenna Evolution 208
14.4 Multiflow Transmission 211
14.5 Small Packet Efficiency 213
14.6 Voice Evolution 215
14.6.1 Adaptive Multirate Wideband (AMR-WB) Voice Codec 215
14.6.2 Voice Over IP (VoIP) 215
14.6.3 CS Voice Over HSPA (CSoHSPA) 215
14.6.4 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 215
14.7 Advanced Receivers 215
14.7.1 Advanced UE Receivers 215
14.7.2 Advanced NodeB Receivers 216
14.8 Flat Architecture 217
14.9 LTE Interworking 218
14.10 Summary 218
References 219
Index 221
