Low-Cost Physics Experiments Using New Technologies

By: Salvador Gil

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eText | 28 May 2024

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This book presents a set of low-cost physics experiments, making use of the new technologies available (data collection and analysis systems by computers, Internet, video, commercial electronics, smartphones, etc.), while highlighting the methodological aspects of physics and science in general. The projects are aimed at university students of science and engineering, although some may be used in high schools.

The experiments would enable students to answer the questions: How do we know this? Why do we believe in that? These questions illustrate the nature of scientific thinking process.

This book is complemented by the site www.fisicarecreativa.com, where several of the projects presented here were carried out by students from different universities. We hope it can be used as an innovative STEM learning tools.

Contents:

Experiments in Sciences:
- Role of Laboratory in Science Learning
- Introduction to Graphical Analysis
- Introduction to Graphic Analysis
- Error Theory: Uncertainty of Measurement Results
- Statistical Data Processing
- Indirect Measurements
- Least Squares Method and Linear Regression
- Density Measurement
Experiments with Mechanical Systems:
- Galileo's Experiments using New Technologies
- The Digital Camera and the Smartphone as a Measuring Instrument
- Sound Recording as a Measuring instrument
- Measuring the Solar System from the Classroom
- Elastic Systems — Hooke's Law
- Newton's Laws and Friction Force
- Harmonic Oscillators
- Pendulums
- Cycloidal Pendulum — Brachistochrone and Tautochrone
- Forced Oscillations
- Hanging Chains
- Elastic Properties of Materials — Modulus of Rigidity
- Dynamics of a Moving Chain
- Variable Mass Systems — Granular Materials
- Rotation of Solids — A Fun Paradox
Experiments of Electromagnetism:
- Simple Current Circuits — Ohm's Law
- Resistor Networks
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Four-Point Resistance Measurement or Kelvin Method
- Variation of Electrical Resistance with Temperature
- Electrical Conduction in Liquids — Electron Charge Estimation
- Capacitors and Dielectrics
- RC Circuit
- Lorentz Force and Ampere's Law
- Magnetic Fields
- Electromagnetic Induction — Mutual Induction
- Self-Induction and RL Circuit
- Physics of a Magnet Falling Through a Tube
- Electrostatic Fields and Potentials — Laplace Equation
- Free and Forced Oscillations of an RLC Circuit
- Coupled Circuits
- Quasi-Stationary Fields — Eddy Currents
- Standing Waves in One Dimension
- Acoustic Wave Interference — Beats
- Square Box — Helmholtz Resonators
- Ultrasound Waves
- Doppler Effect
- Geometric Optics Experiments
- Physical Optics Experiments
Experiments with Fluids and Thermal Physics:
- Surface Tension
- Fluid Experiments — Torricelli Experiment
- Thermometry — Temperature Sensors
- Thermal Expansion of Solids
- Body Cooling Experiments — Exponential Decay
- Conservation of Energy and Calorimetry
- Ideal Gases — Determination of Molecular Weight
- Kinetic Theory of Gases — Ratio of Specific Heat to Ideal Gases
- Thermal Conduction and Convection — Heat Waves
- Diffusion of Matter
Modern Physics and Astrophysics Module:
- Michelson's Experiment
- Ferromagnetic Materials — Phase Transitions
- Statistical Nature of Radioactive Decay
- Relativistic Dynamics: Collisions of Photons and Electrons — Compton Effect
- Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter
- 40K Half-life — Nucleosynthesis
- Determination of the Forbidden Energy Band of Semiconductors
- Heat Capacity of a Solid at Low Temperatures — Einstein and Debye Models
- The Solar Constant — Attenuation of Light in the Atmosphere
Appendices:
- Guidelines and Suggestions for Writing Scientific and Technical Reports
- Standards and Safety Recommendations in Laboratories
- Linear Correlation
- Least Squares Method — Nonlinear Case
- Lock-in Amplifier
Experimental Projects:
- Experiments in Sciences
- Experiments with Mechanical Systems
- Experiments of Electromagnetism
- Experiments with Fluids and Thermal Physics
- Modern Physics and Astrophysics Module