PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
INTRODUCTION xv
PART I DESIGN FACTORS 1
1 THE LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS 3
2 PERCEPTION AND VISION 6
Visible Light 6
The Eye and Brain 6
Brightness Perception 11
Color Perception 12
3 LIGHT AND HEALTH 16
Photobiology and Nonvisual Effects 16
The Aging Eye 19
Light Therapy 20
Assisted-Living and Eldercare Facilities 20
Dynamic Electric Lighting 21
4 PSYCHOLOGY OF LIGHT 22
Emotional Impact 22
Degrees of Stimulation 22
Degrees of Brightness Contrast 23
The Three Elements of Light 27
Subjective Impressions 30
Certainty 33
Variation 33
5 PATTERNS OF BRIGHTNESS 36
Direction and Distribution of Light 36
Surface Finishes and Refl ectances 43
Three-Dimensional Form 45
Glare and Sparkle 49
6 COLOR OF LIGHT 56
Color Temperature 58
Color Rendering 59
Subjective Impressions 60
Surface Finishes and Color of Light 61
7 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT 65
Quantitative Illumination 65
PART II LIGHT SOURCES 71
8 DAYLIGHT 73
Daylight Design 74
Shading Devices 80
Glazing Materials 83
Quantity of Interior Daylight 83
9 FILAMENT SOURCES 86
Lamp Shapes 86
Lamp Bases 86
Filaments 87
Light Output 89
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps 91
Lamp Types 93
Low-Voltage Lamps 97
U.S. Legislation 99
Colored Light 100
10 LOW-INTENSITY DISCHARGE SOURCES 104
Fluorescent Lamps 104
Lamp Characteristics 113
Health and Safety Concerns 115
11 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE SOURCES 117
Mercury Vapor Lamps 117
High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 118
Metal Halide Lamps 118
Lamp Characteristics 120
Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps 124
12 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING 125
LEDs 125
Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 133
13 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 134
Ballasts 134
Drivers 141
Transformers 142
PART III INTERIOR ILLUMINATION 145
14 LIGHT CONTROL 147
Control of Light Direction 147
Glare Control 158
15 LUMINAIRES 163
Housings 163
Light and Glare Control 167
Decorative Luminaires 199
Emergency and Exit Luminaires 200
16 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 204
Integrating Light and Architecture 205
Visual Clarity 205
Architectural Surfaces 209
Task Lighting 214
Ambient Lighting 215
Lighting Three-Dimensional Objects 219
Balance of Brightness 224
Successful Solutions 233
17 DESIGN VERIFICATION METHODS 234
Recommended Illuminance Values 234
Surface Refl ectance 236
Illuminance Calculations 237
Postoccupancy Evaluation 247
18 ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTING CONTROLS 249
Principles of Electricity 249
Switch Control 254
Dimming Control 258
Digital Lighting Controls 265
Energy-Management Controls 267
19 DOCUMENTATION 268
Construction Documents 268
EPILOGUE 291
APPENDIX 293
REFERENCES 319
GLOSSARY 321
INDEX 331
