Information Technology

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By: Giovanni E. Corazza (Editor)

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Hardcover | 18 June 2007

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Dear Reader, Thank you for investing your time into this book devoted to the fascinating world of Digital Satellite Communications. This is an Edited book which possesses some peculiarities that we believe make it different from other books of the kind. In fact, this book is the result of the joint effort of some sixty co- Authors who took part to a common European Research Project, named SatNEx, i.e. the European Network of Excellence (NoE) in Satellite Communications. This NoE is an instrument funded by the European Commission under the sixth Framework Programme (FP6), within the thematic priority Mobile and Wireless Systems beyond 3G of the Information Society and Technology (1ST) area. In brief, the objectives of the SatNEx NoE are the integration of knowledge and facilities, the pursuit of jointly executed research, and the spreading of excellence beyond the boundary of the SatNEx community. Within SatNEx, several joint activities have been launched on different areas of interest; among these, the Flexwave ]omi activity has been devoted to the study of all aspects related to the physical layer of a satellite communication system. This book is the output of two years of collaboration among the Flexwave partners.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Satellite Communication Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Electronics Engineering

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Paperback

Published: 29th November 2010

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List of Figures	p. xix
List of Tables	p. xxviv
Contributing Authors	p. xxxi
Preface	p. xxxv
Introduction	p. 1
Theoretical Background	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Probability and statistics	p. 8
Types of probability	p. 8
Properties of probability	p. 9
Univariate statistics	p. 10
Random variables	p. 10
Cumulative distribution function	p. 11
Probability density function	p. 11
Moments	p. 12
Moment generating function	p. 12
Characteristic function	p. 13
Transformations of random variables	p. 13
Bivariate statistics	p. 13
Bivariate joint cumulative distribution function	p. 13
Bivariate joint probability density function	p. 14
Bivariate conditional probability density function and Bayes theorem	p. 14
Bivariate product moments	p. 14
Bivariate joint moment generating function	p. 15
Bivariate joint characteristic function	p. 15
Correlation coefficient and covariance	p. 15
Statistical independence between two random variables	p. 16
Bivariate transformations	p. 16
Multivariate statistics	p. 17
Multivariate joint cumulative distribution function	p. 17
Multivariate joint probability density function	p. 17
Multivariate conditional probability density function	p. 18
Multivariate product moments	p. 18
Multivariate joint moment generating function	p. 18
Multivariate joint characteristic function	p. 19
Covariance matrix	p. 19
Statistical independence between L random variables	p. 20
Multivariate transformations	p. 20
Gaussian distribution	p. 21
Log-normal distribution	p. 21
Rayleigh distribution	p. 22
Exponential distribution	p. 23
Weibull distribution	p. 24
Nakagami-m distribution	p. 25
Gamma distribution	p. 26
Rice distribution	p. 26
Chi-square distribution	p. 27
Central Chi-square distribution	p. 28
Non central Chi-square distribution	p. 28
Bounds for the Marcum Q function	p. 29
Hoyt distribution	p. 30
Bernoulli distribution	p. 31
Information theory	p. 31
Basic definitions	p. 32
Channel capacity fundamentals	p. 36
Capacity of Fading Channels	p. 39
Multiuser Channels Capacity	p. 44
MIMO systems	p. 49
Detection and estimation theory	p. 52
Detection theory	p. 52
Binary detection	p. 53
Bayes criterion	p. 53
MAP criterion	p. 54
ML criterion	p. 55
Minimax criterion	p. 55
Neyman-Pearson criterion	p. 55
Receiver operating characteristics	p. 56
Sufficient statistic	p. 56
M-ary detection	p. 56
Performance bounds	p. 57
Estimation theory	p. 59
Estimation of random parameters	p. 59
Estimation of deterministic parameters	p. 61
Maximum Likelihood estimation	p. 62
Cramer Rao bound	p. 62
Modified Cramer Rao bound	p. 63
Detection with parameter uncertainty	p. 63
Conclusions	p. 64
Satellite Channel Impairments	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Mobile Satellite Propagation Channel	p. 66
Channel Characterization	p. 66
Channel Characteristic functions	p. 66
Channel Parameters and Classification	p. 68
First and Second Order Channel Statistics	p. 70
Channel Models	p. 71
Single-State First-Order Characterization for Frequency Non-Selective Channels	p. 72
Multi-State Markov Chain Models for Frequency Non-Selective Channels	p. 74
Doppler Spectrum Models	p. 76
Modelling of Frequency Selective Channels	p. 78
From Analog to Digital Channel Models	p. 80
Measurements and Models Parameters Estimation	p. 81
Satellite to Indoor	p. 81
Land Mobile and Railway	p. 84
Frequency Selective Model for the LMS Channel at L and S Bands	p. 85
Frequency Non-Selective Model for the LMS Channel at Ku, Ka and EHF Bands	p. 86
The Railroad Satellite Channel	p. 88
Aeronautical and Maritime	p. 89
Aircrafts	p. 89
Stratospheric Platforms	p. 90
Maritime	p. 91
Atmospheric Effects	p. 91
Propagation Effects	p. 91
Attenuation (Oxygen, Water, Cloud, Rain, Melting Layer)	p. 92
Modelling of Rain Attenuation	p. 95
Scintillation	p. 96
Depolarization	p. 96
Influence of Propagation Impairments on Link Budgets	p. 97
Uplink Analysis	p. 97
Downlink Analysis	p. 98
Dynamic Behavior of the Propagation Channel	p. 100
Fade Slope	p. 101
Fade Duration	p. 101
Frequency Scaling	p. 102
Interference Characterization	p. 103
Interference Sources	p. 103
Co-channel Interference in Multi-Beam Multi-Satellite Systems	p. 107
The model	p. 108
CDMA case	p. 111
FDMA case	p. 113
Conclusions	p. 115
Forward Error Correction	p. 117
Introduction to Coding	p. 117
Algebraic coding	p. 118
Basic definitions	p. 119
Block codes	p. 120
Cyclic codes	p. 120
Convolutional codes	p. 121
Hamming geometry and decoding problem	p. 122
Hamming distance	p. 122
Bounds	p. 123
The decoding problem	p. 124
Golay code	p. 125
Binary Hamming and Reed-Muller codes	p. 126
BCH and Reed-Solomon codes	p. 127
Code construction and Berlekamp algorithm	p. 127
List decoding	p. 128
Bivariate polynomials	p. 128
The Guruswami-Sudan decoding algorithm	p. 129
The Koetter-Vardy decoding algorithm	p. 130
Performance evaluation	p. 132
Frequency-domain decoding of BCH and RS codes	p. 132
Trellis and Turbo codes	p. 134
Trellis overview	p. 134
Non-iterative trellis-based decoding	p. 135
Viterbi algorithm (VA)	p. 135
Soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA)	p. 137
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability decoding	p. 138
Log-MAP and Max-Log-MAP decoding	p. 138
Alternative decoding techniques	p. 139
Sequential decoding	p. 140
Threshold decoding	p. 140
Turbo codes	p. 141
The Turbo Principle	p. 141
The 3GPP example	p. 143
The DVB-RCS example	p. 143
Turbo decoding	p. 145
The Turbo decoding principle	p. 145
Stopping criteria	p. 146
EXIT charts	p. 147
SOVA improvements	p. 148
Hybrid Turbo-Viterbi decoding	p. 149
Turbo code performance	p. 150
Bounds and distance spectra for Turbo codes	p. 150
Implementation complexity	p. 152
Simulation results	p. 153
Graphs and LDPC codes	p. 156
Factor Graphs	p. 157
LDPC codes	p. 158
Basic Properties	p. 158
LDPC matrix construction	p. 159
The DVB-S2 example	p. 162
LDPC decoding	p. 162
LDPC Performance	p. 164
Distance spectrum for LDPC Codes	p. 164
Simulation results	p. 166
LDPC/Turbo codes comparison	p. 166
Forward Error Correction at Higher Layers	p. 169
Packet Layer Coding	p. 171
Transport Layer Coding	p. 171
Erasure Decoding Algorithms	p. 172
Conclusions	p. 174
Modulation Techniques	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
Modulation schemes	p. 175
Basic principals	p. 176
Modulation Schemes Classification	p. 179
Phase shift keying	p. 181
Binary phase shift keying	p. 181
Quadrature phase shift keying	p. 182
Offset QPSK	p. 183
M-ary PSK	p. 183
Quadrature amplitude modulation	p. 183
Non-rectangular modulations	p. 184
Continuous phase modulation	p. 186
Coded modulation	p. 190
Trellis coded modulation	p. 191
TCM principle	p. 191
TCM example	p. 193
Bit interleaved coded modulation	p. 194
Bit interleaved turbo coded modulation	p. 196
BITCM encoder/mapping	p. 196
BITCM receiver	p. 197
Simulation results	p. 198
Detection with ideal channel state information	p. 199
Detection over the AWGN channel	p. 199
Phase shift keying	p. 200
Coherent binary PSK	p. 200
Coherent quadrature PSK	p. 201
Coherent PSK	p. 201
Coherent differentially encoded PSK	p. 202
Differential PSK	p. 202
Quadrature amplitude modulation	p. 202
AWGN performance bounds	p. 203
APSK analytical performance	p. 207
Detection over fading channels	p. 209
Detection over Rayleigh fading channel	p. 210
Detection over Rice fading channel	p. 211
Detection over Nakagami-m fading channel	p. 211
Detection over Weibull fading channel	p. 212
Performance analysis	p. 214
Analytical evaluation	p. 214
Performance evaluation through bounds	p. 215
M-PSK signaling over Rayleigh-Lognormal channel	p. 215
TCM signaling over Rice-Lognormal channel	p. 217
Conclusions	p. 218
Parameter Estimation and Synchronization	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Synchronization Principles	p. 221
Code Unaware Synchronization	p. 224
Frequency Recovery	p. 224
Application to M-QAM Schemes	p. 228
Feedback Recovery	p. 228
Phase Recovery	p. 229
Timing Recovery	p. 232
Automatic Gain Control	p. 234
Code Aware Synchronization	p. 234
Per-Survivor Processing	p. 234
Turbo Embedded Estimation	p. 238
Channel Estimation	p. 242
Pilot Aided Channel Estimation	p. 243
Blind Channel Estimation	p. 244
Signal to Noise Ratio Estimation	p. 245
Code Synchronization for Spread Spectrum Systems	p. 246
Frame Synchronization	p. 252
Receiver Architectures	p. 258
Conclusions	p. 262
Distortion Countermeasures	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Distortion in Satellite Systems	p. 264
System Model	p. 264
Nonlinear effects	p. 266
Nonlinear effects for M-QAM and DxPSK	p. 267
Amplifier Models	p. 268
Memoryless models	p. 270
Models with Memory	p. 272
Transmitter techniques: Predistortion	p. 274
Classes of predistorters	p. 276
Signal Predistortion	p. 276
Data Predistortion	p. 276
Analog Predistortion	p. 277
Digital Predistortion	p. 277
Predistortion Techniques	p. 278
LUT approach	p. 278
Mapping Predistorter	p. 279
Gain Based Predistorter	p. 279
Classical indexing strategies	p. 280
Advanced Indexing Strategy	p. 280
Volterra model-based predistortion	p. 281
Neural networks based predistortion	p. 283
Multi-layer NNs	p. 283
Local Basis Functions Networks	p. 285
The GCMAC network	p. 286
Clustering approach	p. 286
Performance evaluation of predistortion techniques	p. 287
Receiver techniques: Equalization	p. 291
Linear Channel Equalization	p. 291
Nonlinear Channel Equalization	p. 293
Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation	p. 293
Volterra model-based equalization methods	p. 294
Blind equalization	p. 295
Neural network methods	p. 296
Performance evaluation of nonlinear equalization methods	p. 298
Turbo Equalization	p. 300
Turbo equalization using a MAP equalizer	p. 302
Turbo equalization using an MMSE-LE	p. 302
Turbo equalization using an MMSE-DFE	p. 303
Emerging techniques	p. 304
Introduction to Precoding	p. 304
Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding	p. 305
Performance of Joint Precoding and Predistortion	p. 306
Case study	p. 307
Evaluation and discussion	p. 308
Conclusions	p. 310
Diversity Techniques and Fade Mitigation	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Diversity domains and mitigation techniques	p. 314
Satellite Diversity	p. 315
Improving service availability in urban and sub-urban areas	p. 315
Exploiting satellite diversity using CDMA	p. 316
Correlation aspects of satellite diversity links	p. 320
MIMO and Space-Time Coding	p. 321
Space-time coding schemes	p. 323
Adaptive Modulation over MIMO links	p. 330
Applications of STC in satellite communications	p. 332
Site Diversity	p. 333
Statistical models for site diversity	p. 335
Frequency Diversity	p. 336
Outage probability for frequency diversity systems	p. 336
Power Control in CDMA-based systems	p. 338
Polarization Diversity	p. 341
Characterization of polarization states	p. 342
Polarization mismatch loss	p. 342
Probability distribution of the polarization loss	p. 343
Error probability: polarization diversity gain	p. 344
Polarization diversity: Numerical results	p. 345
Adaptive Coding and Modulation	p. 345
An ACM scheme for the narrow band LMS system	p. 349
Blockage/Multipath mitigation	p. 351
Joint fading mitigation techniques	p. 351
Power Control for fade mitigation	p. 352
Layer 2	p. 353
Joint FMTs	p. 353
IMR multi-path diversity	p. 353
Combining Techniques	p. 355
Moments of the Output SNR for the EGC receiver	p. 356
Average Output SNR and Amount of Fading (AoF) for the EGC receiver	p. 358
Average Symbol Error Probability	p. 359
Outage Probability	p. 360
Atmospheric effects mitigation: Implementation issues	p. 361
Distributed Detection and Decision schemes	p. 362
Centralized Detection and Decision schemes	p. 363
Conclusions	p. 365
Multiuser Satellite Communications	p. 367
Introduction	p. 367
Connection-Oriented Multiple Access	p. 368
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)	p. 369
Bandwidth and Power Efficiency of FDMA	p. 370
Pros and Cons of FDMA	p. 370
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)	p. 371
Efficiency of TDMA	p. 371
Pros and Cons of TDMA	p. 373
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)	p. 373
Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA)	p. 373
Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)	p. 374
Pros and Cons of CDMA	p. 375
CDMA Sectoring	p. 375
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)	p. 381
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)	p. 382
Hybrid Schemes and Advanced Topics	p. 384
Multi Frequency TDMA (MF-TDMA)	p. 384
Ultra Wide Band (UWB)	p. 386
Contention-Oriented Multiple Access	p. 390
Random Access	p. 390
Narrowband ALOHA	p. 390
Spread ALOHA	p. 393
Contention-Based Reservation	p. 396
Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA)	p. 396
Packet Reservation Media Access (PRMA)	p. 396
Combined Free-Demand Assignment Multiple Access (CF-DAMA)	p. 397
Multiuser Capacity	p. 397
Downlink	p. 398
Gaussian Channel Capacity	p. 398
Fading Channel Capacity	p. 400
Uplink	p. 401
Gaussian Channel Capacity	p. 401
Fading Channel Capacity	p. 401
Capacity Enhancement Techniques	p. 402
Multi-User Detection (MUD)	p. 402
Single Stage Interference Cancellation (IC)	p. 403
Multistage IC	p. 403
Iterative IC	p. 404
Interference Cancellation in Code-Sectored CDMA	p. 404
Enhanced Single User Detection for DS/CDMA Downlink	p. 406
Downlink Synchronous CDMA Signal Model	p. 408
Linear Receivers for Synchronous CDMA	p. 409
Numerical Performance Comparison	p. 410
Turbo MUD	p. 411
Conclusions	p. 415
Software Radio	p. 417
Introduction	p. 417
Antenna, Analog Processing and A/D Conversion	p. 418
Phased Array Antenna Systems	p. 420
Basic Theory	p. 423
Sampling Principles	p. 424
Sub-Nyquist Sampling	p. 425
Mixing Stage	p. 426
Sequential I/Q Separation	p. 427
Super-Nyquist Sampling	p. 428
High-speed ADC Technologies	p. 429
Optimized Computational Structures	p. 430
Implementation for FPGA	p. 431
Matched Filtering and Baseband Processing	p. 431
Implementation for DSP	p. 434
Distribution of Computational Tasks to DSP and FPGA	p. 435
Software Radio Onboard	p. 437
Payload Reconfigurability	p. 437
Space-Qualified Signal Processing	p. 441
Multistandard Multiservice Reconfigurable Terminals	p. 442
Service and Technologies in Next Generation Terminals	p. 442
Software-Radio Architectures for MF-TDMA Modems	p. 443
Remote Configuration of Physical Layer	p. 445
Conclusions	p. 447
Systems and Services	p. 449
Introduction	p. 449
Satellite telecommunication systems	p. 451
Mission	p. 451
Opportunity	p. 451
Context	p. 452
Market	p. 454
System Architecture	p. 455
Generalities	p. 455
Space segment	p. 457
Control and ground segments	p. 457
Satellite System Design	p. 457
Orbit	p. 458
Coverage	p. 459
Air interface	p. 460
Fixed and mobile satellite services	p. 460
Higher layers	p. 461
Convergence of different access systems on IP core network	p. 463
Layered system structure	p. 463
Fixed networks	p. 465
Overview	p. 465
Broadcasting systems	p. 466
Interactive systems	p. 467
Mobile networks	p. 468
Overview	p. 468
Point-to-point systems	p. 469
Broadcasting and integrated mobile satellite systems	p. 470
Complementary solutions	p. 472
GEO and non-GEO hybrid constellation	p. 473
High Altitude Platforms	p. 475
Terrestrial extension of satellite/HAP links for indoor penetration	p. 478
Conclusion	p. 481
References	p. 483
Index	p. 531
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Information Technology

Transmission, Processing and Storage

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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