Hip Sonography

Cover -- Contents -- 1 Technique -- 1.1 Equipment -- 1.2 Additional Equipment for Hip Ultrasound -- 1.3 Image Projection -- 2 Anatomy and Ultrasound of the Normal Infant Hip Joint -- 2.1 Explanation of Terminology Used in Describing the Ultrasound Anatomy -- 2.2 Ultrasound Characteristics of the Different Tissues in the Region of the Hip Joint -- 2.3 The Proximal Femur in Hip Ultrasound -- 2.4 Femoral Head -- 2.4.1 Femoral Head Ossification Centre -- 2.4.2 Ultrasonic Problems and Difficulties with the Nucleus -- 2.4.3 Synovial Fold and Joint Capsule (Fig. 2.7a-d) -- 2.4.4 The So-Called Fluid Film -- 2.5 The Acetabulum (Fig. 2.8) -- 2.5.1 The Perichondriumof the Hyaline Cartilage Acetabular Roof -- 2.5.2 The Acetabular Labrum -- 2.5.3 The Acetabular Fossa -- 2.5.4 Definition of the Osseous Rim (Fig. 2.12) -- 3 The Standard Plane -- 3.1 The Principle of the "Standard Plane" -- 3.1.1 The Importance of the Three Landmarks -- 3.2 The Problem of the Variable Bone Coverage of the Femoral Head -- 3.2.1 Shape of the Posterior Section -- 3.2.2 The Mid Section -- 3.2.3 Anterior Sections (Fig. 3.7) -- 3.2.4 Exceptions and Variations on the Typical Sectional Silhouettes -- 3.2.5 Definition of the Mid Section of Acetabular Roof -- 3.2.6 The Question of Reproducibility -- 4 Identifying the Anatomy and Checking the Landmarks and Tilting Effects -- 4.1 Anatomical Identification -- 4.2 Checking the Landmarks -- 4.3 Checking a Hip Sonogram -- 5 Definition of Types -- 5.1 Type I -- 5.2 Type II -- 5.3 Type III -- 5.4 Type IV -- 5.5 Differentiation Between Ossification and Degeneration -- 5.5.2 Structural Disorder (Degeneration) -- 5.5.3 How to Assess Echogenicity in the Hyaline Cartilage Acetabular Roof -- 6 Ultrasound Classification -- 6.1 Description -- 6.1.1 Basic Terms and Possible Variations -- 6.1.2 Exceptions to the Systematic Description -- 6.2 Systematic Reporting of a Sonogram -- 7 Measurement Technique -- 7.1 The Bony Roof Line (Fig. 7.1a) -- 7.2 Base Line (Fig. 7.2a-c) -- 7.2.1 Auxiliary Base Line (Help Line) (Fig. 7.2c/d) -- 7.3 Cartilage Roof Line (Fig. 7.3a-c) -- 8 Classification Using the Sonometer -- 8.1 The Alpha Values -- 8.1.1 Subdivision of the Type II Joint -- 8.1.2 The Sonographic Alpha Value and the Radiological AC Angle -- 8.2 The Beta Value -- 8.2.1 Type Ia and Type Ib Hips -- 8.2.2 Type D Hip -- 8.3 Classification in Premature Infants -- 8.4 Certainty of the Diagnosis -- 9 Instability -- 9.1 Elasticity "Elastic Whipping" (Fig. 9.1.b-d) -- 9.2 Pathological Instability -- 9.2.2 Definition of Pathological Instability -- 9.3 Summary of the Principal Differences Between Elasticity and (Pathological) Ins.