Essential Difference

Introduction The End of Metaphysics? Old and New Metaphysics Plan of the Book Metaphysical vs. Epistemological "Emergence" 1. What is Metaphysics?: Transcendental Knowledge Kinds of Knowledge Characterizing Metaphysical Knowledge The Possible and the Actual Part I: The Ancient Crisis 2. Parmenides' Challenge: Truth or Seeming The One and the Many Physicalist and Idealist Reductionism Genus and Difference Parmenides' Two Ways Seeming and the Sophists 3. Plato's Response: The Form of Difference Plato's Program Plato's Parmenides Plato's Sophist A Note on Dialectic Conclusion 4. Aristotle's Response: Differentiated Individuals Physicalist and Idealist Reductionism Focal Meaning (pirhoo enu Equivocation) Substance: Neither Substratum nor Genus Are Aggregates Substances? Individuation and Differentiation Archaic vs. Contemporary Aristotle Conclusion Part II: The Modern Crisis 5. Hume's Challenge: Matters of Fact or Relations of Ideas Analytic and Synthetic Propositions Formal Necessity or Material Contingency 6. Kant's Response: Straining against Formalism Idealist (Logical) and Physicalist (Sensory) Formalism Beyond Pure Formalism? Analysis as "Improvement" of Form Synthetic A Priori Principles of Empirical Inquiry Teleological Judgment beyond the Limits of Formalism The Non-Derivability of the Actual from the Possible Formalism and Surrogate Content Essential Difference: Necessity without Universality 7. Hegel's Response: A Material Logic Platonic Definition Categories as Definitions of Absolute Dialectical Inference Successive Definitions: Dialectic and the Logic of Correction The Problem of Differentiation and Hegel's Logic Epistemic vs. Ontological Amplification Hegel's Metaphysics of Physical Entities Conclusion Anti-Reductionism after Hegel Part III: Toward a Metaphysics of Emergence 8. Physical Emergence: The Constraint Interpretation Actualizing Constraints Individualizing Constraints Differentiating Constraints The Ontology of Emergence Are Artifacts and Aggregates Physical Entities? Are Atoms and Molecules Physical Entities? Conclusion 9. Life and Mind: The Autonomy of Form The Distinctive Challenges of a Non-Formalist Metaphysics Beyond Purely Physical Emergence The Emergence of Life The Emergence of Mind Autonomy and Dualism Notes Bibliography Index