Emergent Forms

PART I: Ecological and Dynamical Foundations: The Ecological Approach of the Gibsons; Bernstein 1: Fundamental Issues and Perspectives in the Development of Action 1.1: Fundamental Issues: The Motor-Action Controversy 1.2: Developmental Perspectives on the Nature of Action 2: From Bernstein and von Holst to Dynamical Systems 2.1: A Prelude to Round 2 2.2: Round 2: Modeling Behavior on Dynamical Systems 3: Ecological Foundations 3.1: Gibson: Ambient Array, Patterned Flow, and Perceptual System 3.2: Action Systems 3.3: Habitats for Action Systems 3.4: Dynamics and Information 4: The Components of Action Systems: Subsystems and Their Interaction 4.1: Identifying the Subsystems 4.2: The Properties of the Subsystems 4.3: The Nervous Subsystem 4.4: Exploring the Relation Between the Subsystems PART II: Self-Organization and Selection as the Basis for the Assembly of Action Systems 5: Spontaneous Pattern Formation 5.1: Bernstein Redux 5.2: The Emergence of Patterns and Clocks 5.3: Implications of Scale: The Work of D'Arcy Thompson 5.4: Two Models of Morphogenesis 5.5: Implications of These Two Models 6: Selection and the Emergence of Specialized Functions 6.1: Darwinian Theory 6.2: Evolution and Ontogeny 6.3: Energy Sharing as the Basis of Cooperativity 6.4: The Environment and Selection 6.5: Evolution of Modes 6.6: Special Purpose Devices in Evolutionary and Ontogenetic Context 6.7: Assembling and Decomposing Transient Boundaries 6.8: Conclusions: Lessons from Evolution for Understanding the Ontogeny of Acting and Perceiving 7: The Ontogeny of Action Systems: A Theory 7.1: Outline of a Theory 7.2: Proposition 1: Coordinative Structures With Attractor Dynamics Emerge from Spontaneous Activity 7.3: Proposition 2: The body and Environment as Structured Surrounds 7.4: Proposition 3: Regulation of Assembly at Multiple Time Scales 7.5: Proposition 4: Exploratory Activity Reveals Stable Regions in Dynamic Geometries 7.5: Proposition 5: Action Systems are Assembled from a Mosaic of Available Components PART III: The Action Systems 8: Basic Orienting 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Orienting as a Foundation 8.3: Contrasting Perspectives of Orienting 8.4: The Ontogeny of Basic Orienting: The Fetal Period 8.5: The Transition from Fetal to Postnatal Life 8.6: From Flexion and Extension Against Gravity to Controlled Action 8.7: The Transition to Standing 9: Appetition 9.1: Issues 9.2: The Oral Articulators 9.3: Early Eating 9.4: The Transition from Neonatal Oral Activity to Chewing 9.5: The Transition to Independent Eating 9.6: Independent Eating 10: Locomotion 10.1: Constraints on Locomotion 10.2: Temporal Patterning and Constraints 10.3: Constraints on Temporal Patterning 10.4: The Human Intrauterine Environment 10.5: Transition to Postnatal Environment 10.6: Transition to Independent Mobility: Crawling 10.7: Exploring the Dynamics of the body as a Consequence of the Changing Postural Matrix 10.8: From Standing to First Steps 10.9: The Affordances of Locomotion 11: The Performatory Action System: Manual Activity 11.1: Classifying the Functions of the Hand 11.2: The Cooperation of Subsystems in Manual Activity 11.3: Constraints on Manual Activity 11.4: The Relation between Reaching and Grasping 11.5: From Pre-reaching to Visually-guided Reaching 11.6: A Dynamical Approach to Reach and Grasp 11.7: Object Exploration, Age, and Affordances 11.8: The Serial Order Problem 12: The Expressive Action System 12.1: Introduction 12.2: Physiological Arousal and Critical Regions 12.3: Transition from Endogenous to Social Smiles 12.4: Crying 12.5: From Early Behavioral States to Differentiated Emotions 12.6: Perception-Action Coupling in the Expressive Action System 12.7: Social Regulation 12.8: The Functional Significance of Fear 13: Directions 13.1: Conclusions and Directions 13.2: New Questions 13.3: Clinical Directions 13.4: Assessment 13.5: A Taxonomy of Disorders of Action Systems: Beyond Symptoms