Introduction xxiii
Chapter 1 Understanding Cloud Characteristics 1
Basic Terms and Characteristics 2
Elasticity 2
On-Demand Self-service/JIT 3
Templating 4
Pay as You Grow 6
Pay-as-You-Grow Theory vs. Practice 7
Chargeback 8
Ubiquitous Access 9
Metering Resource Pooling 10
Multitenancy 11
Cloud Bursting 13
Rapid Deployment 14
Object Storage Concepts 16
File-Based Data Storage 16
Object Storage 18
Structured vs. Unstructured Data 18
REST APIs 19
Summary 25
Chapter Essentials 26
Chapter 2 To Grasp the Cloud-Fundamental Concepts 27
The True Nature of the Cloud 28
Elastic 29
Massive 29
On Demand 29
Virtualized 30
Secure 30
Always Available 30
Virtualization and Scalability 31
The True Definer of Cloud Computing 32
Serving the Whole World 32
The Cloud Hypervisor 33
Type 1 and Type 2 33
Use Cases and Examples 34
Benefits of Hypervisors 35
Hypervisor Security Concerns 35
Proprietary vs. Open Source 36
Moore's Law, Increasing Performance, and Decreasing Enterprise Usage 36
Xen Cloud Platform (Open Source) 37
KVM (Open Source) 38
OpenVZ (Open Source) 38
VirtualBox (Open Source) 39
Citrix XenServer (Proprietary) 39
VMware vSphere/ESXi (Proprietary) 39
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V 41
Consumer vs. Enterprise Use 41
Workstation vs. Infrastructure 43
Key Benefits of Implementing Hypervisors 46
Shared Resources 46
Elasticity 46
Network and Application Isolation 47
Foundations of Cloud Computing 48
Infrastructure 48
Platform 49
Applications 50
Enabling Services 50
Summary 50
Chapter Essentials 51
Chapter 3 Within the Cloud: Technical Concepts of Cloud Computing 53
Technical Basics of Cloud and Scalable Computing 54
Defining a Data Center 55
Traditional vs. Cloud Hardware 62
Determining Cloud Data Center Hardware and Infrastructure 65
Optimization and the Bottom Line 70
The Cloud Infrastructure 78
Open Source 79
Proprietary 84
Summary 85
Chapter Essentials 86
Chapter 4 Cloud Management 87
Understanding Cloud Management Platforms 88
What It Means for Service Providers 90
Planning Your Cloud 90
Building Your Cloud 94
Running Your Cloud 95
What This Means for Customers 95
Service-Level Agreements 97
Policies and Procedures 97
Planning the Documentation of the Network and IP 98
Implementing Change Management Best Practices 100
Managing the Configuration 105
Managing Cloud Workloads 111
Managing Workloads Right on the Cloud 111
Managing Risk 112
Securing Data in the Cloud 113
Managing Devices 114
Virtualizing the Desktop 115
Enterprise Cloud Solution 116
Summary 116
Chapter Essentials 119
Chapter 5 Diagnosis and Performance Monitoring 121
Performance Concepts 122
Input/Output Operations per Second (IOPS) 123
Read vs. Write Files 124
File System Performance 125
Metadata Performance 127
Caching 130
Bandwidth 131
Throughput: Bandwidth Aggregation 132
Jumbo Frames 134
Network Latency 135
Hop Counts 136
Quality of Service (QoS) 137
Multipathing 137
Load Balancing 138
Scaling: Vertical vs. Horizontal vs. Diagonal 138
Disk Performance 140
Access Time 140
Data Transfer Rate 142
Disk Tuning 143
Swap Disk Space 144
I/O Tuning 144
Performance Management and Monitoring Tools 146
Hypervisor Configuration Best Practices 149
Impact of Configuration Changes 151
Common Issues 152
Summary 153
Chapter Essentials 154
Chapter 6 Cloud Delivery and Hosting Models 157
Private 158
Full Private Cloud Deployment Model 158
Semi-private Cloud Deployment Model 159
Public 160
Hybrid 160
Community 161
On-Premises vs. Off-Premises Hosting 161
On-Premises Hosting 162
Off-Premises Hosting 162
Miscellaneous Factors to Consider When Choosing between On- or Off-Premises Hosting 163
Comparing Total Cost of Ownership 166
Accountability and Responsibility Based on Delivery Models 168
Private Cloud Accountability 168
Public Cloud Accountability 169
Responsibility for Service Impairments 170
Accountability Categories 170
Security Differences between Models 171
Multitenancy Issues 171
Data Segregation 173
Network Isolation 173
Functionality and Performance Validation 174
On-Premises Performance 174
Off-Premises Performance 174
Types of Testing 175
Orchestration Platforms 175
Summary 177
Chapter Essentials 178
Chapter 7 Practical Cloud Knowledge: Install, Configure, and Manage 181
Setting Up the Cloud 183
Creating, Importing, and Exporting Templates and Virtual Machines 183
Creating Virtual Machine Templates 184
Importing and Exporting Service Templates 186
Installing Guest Tools 188
Snapshots and Cloning 189
Image Backups vs. File Backups 193
Virtual Network Interface Card 195
Virtual Disks 198
Virtual Switches 199
Configuring Virtual Machines for Several VLANs 201
Virtual Storage Area Network 203
Virtual Resource Migration 204
Establishing Migration Requirements 204
Migrating Storage 206
Scheduling Maintenance 208
Reasons for Maintenance 208
Virtual Components of the Cloud 209
Virtual Network Components 209
Shared Memory 210
Virtual CPU 211
Storage Virtualization 211
Summary 214
Chapter Essentials 215
Chapter 8 Hardware Management 221
Cloud Hardware Resources 222
BIOS/Firmware Configurations 222
Minimum Memory Capacity and Configuration 223
Number of CPUs 223
Number of Cores 224
NIC Quantity, Speeds, and Configurations 225
Internal Hardware Compatibility 225
Storage Media 226
Proper Allocation of Hardware Resources (Host) 227
Proper Virtual Resource Allocation (Tenant/Client) 232
Management Differences between Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds 234
Public Cloud Management 234
Private Cloud Management 235
Hybrid Cloud Management 236
Tiering 236
Performance Levels of Each Tier 237
Policies 238
RAID Levels 238
File Systems 239
Summary 241
Chapter Essentials 242
Chapter 9 Storage Provisioning and Networking 245
Cloud Storage Concepts 246
Object Storage 246
Metadata 247
Data/Blob 248
Extended Metadata 248
Replicas 248
Policies and Access Control 248
Understanding SAN and NAS 249
Cloud vs. SAN Storage 250
Cloud Storage 251
Advantages of Cloud Storage 252
Cloud Provisioning 252
Migrating Software Infrastructure to the Cloud 253
Cloud Provisioning Security Concerns 253
Storage Provisioning 255
Network Configurations 256
Network Optimization 259
Cloud Storage Technology 260
Data Replication 261
Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) 262
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) 264
OpenStack Swift 266
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) 266
Choosing from among These Technologies 277
Cloud Storage Gateway 278
Cloud Security and Privacy 280
Security, Privacy, and Attack Surface Area 280
Legal Issues (Jurisdiction and Data) 282
Supplier Lifetime (Vendor Lock-In) 283
Summary 284
Chapter Essentials 284
Chapter 10 Testing and Deployment: Quality Is King 287
Overview of Deployment Models 288
Private Cloud 288
Community Cloud 289
Public Cloud 289
Hybrid Cloud 290
Cloud Management Strategies 290
Private Cloud Strategies 291
Community Cloud Strategies 291
Public Cloud Strategies 292
Hybrid Cloud Strategies 292
Management Tools 293
Cloud Architecture 294
The Need for Cloud Architectures 294
Technical Benefits 295
Business Benefits 295
Cloud Deployment Options 296
Environment Provisioning 296
Deploying a Service to the Cloud 298
Deployment Testing and Monitoring 301
Creating and Deploying Cloud Services 304
Creating and Deploying a Cloud Service Using Windows Azure 305
Deploying and Managing a Scalable Web Service with Flume on Amazon EC2 309
Summary 321
Chapter Essentials 322
Chapter 11 Cloud Computing Standards and Security 323
Cloud Computing Standards 324
Why Do Standards Matter? 324
Current Ad Hoc Standards 325
Security Concepts and Tools 326
Security Threats and Attacks 326
Obfuscation 329
Access Control List 329
Virtual Private Network 330
Firewalls 330
Demilitarized Zone 333
Encryption Techniques 334
Public Key Infrastructure 335
Internet Protocol Security 336
Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security 336
Ciphers 337
Access Control Methods 338
Role-Based Access Control 338
Mandatory Access Control 338
Discretionary Access Control 339
Rule-Based Access Controls 339
Multifactor Authentication 339
Single Sign-On 339
Federation 340
Implementing Guest and Host Hardening Techniques 340
Disabling Unneeded Ports and Services 340
Secure User Credentials 343
Antivirus Software 344
Software Security Patching 344
Summary 345
Chapter Essentials 345
Chapter 12 The Cloud Makes It Rain Money: The Business in Cloud Computing 347
The Nature of Cloud Business 348
The Service Nature of the Cloud 348
Making Money with Open-Source Software 349
White Label Branding 350
Cloud Service Business Models 351
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 351
Platform as a Service (PaaS) 352
Software as a Service (SaaS) 353
Data as a Service (DaaS) 354
Communication as a Service (CaaS) 355
Monitoring as a Service (MaaS) 355
Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) 355
Anything as a Service (XaaS) 356
Service Model Accountability and Responsibility 356
The Enterprise Cloud 359
Enterprise Applications 359
Cloud Collaboration 360
Collaborating with Telepresence 361
Disaster Recovery 364
Preparing for Failure: Disaster Recovery Plan 365
Backup Sites and Geographical Diversity 366
Change-Over Mechanism: Failover and Failback 369
Business Continuity and Cloud Computing 369
Business Continuity in the Cloud 370
Workshifting in the Cloud 371
Bring Your Own Device 371
Summary 372
Chapter Essentials 373
Chapter 13 Planning for Cloud Integration: Pitfalls and Advantages 375
Work Optimization 376
Optimizing Usage, Capacity, and Cost 376
Which Service Model Is Best for You? 379
The Right Cloud Model 381
Private Cloud 381
Public Cloud 383
Hybrid Cloud 384
Adapting Organizational Culture for the Cloud 385
Finding Out the Current Culture 385
Mapping Out an Adaption Plan 386
Culture Adaption, Propagation, and Maintenance 387
Potholes on the Cloud Road 389
Roadblocks to Planning 389
Convincing the Board 391
Summary 394
Chapter Essentials 394
Appendix The CompTIA Cloud+ Certification Exam 397
Preparing for the Exam 398
Taking the Exam 399
Reviewing the Exam Objectives 400
Index 417
