Introduction 3
Who Should Read This Book? 1
What You Will Learn 1
How to Use This Book 2
Using This Book with Treehouse 2
Part 1: Introduction
Chapter one Understanding CSS and the Modern Web 5
What Is the Modern Web? 5
What Is CSS? 6
The Role of CSS 6
Modern Browsers 10
Today’s Major Browsers 10
Browser Engines (Layout Engines) 11
Browser Usage Statistics 12
Older Browsers on the Modern Web 12
Tools for Building and Styling the Modern Web 15
Web Developer Tools 15
Text Editors 17
Summary 18
Chapter Two Getting Started 19
Getting Started with the Project Files 20
Downloading the Project Files 20
Folder Structure and Good Practices 20
Understanding the HTML Template 22
Getting Started with CSS 30
Adding CSS to a Page 30
Using Media Types 31
Inline Styles 32
User Agent Stylesheets 33
Using a CSS Reset for Better Browser Consistency 34
Summary 38
Part 2: Learning CSS Syntax and Adding Presentational Styles
Chapter Three Mastering The Power of CSS Selectors 41
Writing Your First Styles 41
Inheritance and the Relationship Between Elements 44
Selectors 45
Universal Selector 45
Type Selector 45
ID and Class Selectors 46
Grouping Selectors 47
Combinators 48
Descendant Combinators 48
Child Combinators 49
Sibling Combinators 49
Attribute Selectors 50
Selecting Elements with an Attribute, Regardless of Its Value 51
Selecting Elements with Multiple Attributes 51
Other Attribute Selectors 51
Pseudo-Classes 52
Dynamic Pseudo-Classes 52
Structural Pseudo-Classes 53
The Target Pseudo-Class 56
The UI Element States Pseudo-Classes 56
The Language Pseudo-Class 57
The Negation Pseudo-Class 57
Pseudo-Elements 58
Selecting the First Line 58
Selecting the First Letter 58
Generating Content Before and After an Element 59
Selector Specificity and the Cascade 60
The !important Rule 61
Summary 62
Chapter Four Creating Styles Using Property Values 63
Color Keywords 63
Color Values 64
RGB (Hexadecimal) 64
RGB (Integer Range) 67
RGBA 67
HSL and HSLA 68
Code Challenge: Add More Colors to the Page 69
Units 69
Percentages 70
Units of Length 70
Absolute Units 70
Relative Units 71
Other Units 75
Summary 76
Chapter Five Adding Presentational Styles 77
Using Experimental Properties Safely 79
Borders 81
border-color 81
border-style 82
border-width 83
border (Shorthand) 83
border-radius 84
Border Images 86
border-image-source 86
border-image-slice 87
border-image-width 88
border-image-repeat 88
border-image-outset 89
border-image (Shorthand) 90
box-shadow 91
Code Challenge: Add More Border and Box Shadow Styles 93
Backgrounds 93
background-color 93
background-image 94
background-repeat 96
background-position 97
background-attachment 98
Applying Multiple Background Images 98
Background Gradients 99
Linear Gradients 100
background-clip 102
background-origin 104
background-size 105
background (Shorthand) 106
CSS Image Replacement 107
Code Challenge: Add More Background Properties 108
opacity 108
visibility 109
cursor 111
outline (Shorthand) 111
content 112
Summary 113
Part 3: Building a Solid and Adaptable Page Structure
Chapter Six Creating A Basic Page Structure 117
Structure Types 117
Fluid 118
Fixed 118
Hybrid Layout for Responsive Design 120
Fluid Images 121
Adaptive Design 123
Mobile First Design 125
Summary 125
Chapter Seven Creating Space and Understanding the Box Model 127
The Box Model 127
Using Web Developer Tools to Better Understand the Box Model 129
margin 130
Code Challenge: Add More Margins to Elements 131
padding 132
Code Challenge: Add More Padding to Elements 133
The Pitfall of the Box Model and Working Around It 134
box-sizing 136
Summary 139
Chapter Eight Creating a Multicolumn Layout 141
float 142
clear 143
Floating Multicolumns 145
Code Challenge: Make the Footer Elements Float Side by Side 152
Summary 152
Chapter Nine Understanding Display, Position, and Document Flow 153
Document Flow 153
display 155
block 155
Code Challenge: Make the Newsletter Labels Block-level 156
inline 157
inline-block 159
list-item 161
Displaying Tables 161
none 161
position, top, right, bottom, and left 162
static 162
relative 162
absolute 164
fixed 167
Code Challenge: Change the Position of the Quotes Around the Customer Testimonials Without Affecting the Flow 168
Using display, position, and z-index to Create a Drop-Down Menu 169
z-index 173
Code Challenge: Apply z-index to Other Elements 174
vertical-align and Vertical Centering Techniques 175
vertical-align 175
Vertical Centering Techniques 177
The Fake Table Cells Technique 177
The Stretched Element Technique 179
The 50% Top Minus Half the Elements Height Technique 181
overflow 183
Summary 186
Part 4: Typography
Chapter Ten Changing the Font 189
Choosing a Web Safe Font Using font-family and Font Stacks 190
font-family 191
Applying Fonts Using @font-face 192
Font Licenses and Third-Party Font Services 194
Google Web Fonts 194
Other Font Services 198
Summary 198
Chapter Eleven Styling Fonts and Text 199
Styling Fonts 199
font-style 200
font-variant 200
font-weight 201
font-size 202
Keywords 203
Percentages 203
Absolute Length Units 203
Relative Units 203
Percentages versus Ems 205
line-height 206
font (Shorthand) 207
Code Challenge: Change the Style of More Fonts 208
Styling Text 209
color 209
text-decoration 209
text-transform 210
text-shadow 211
letter-spacing 212
word-spacing 213
direction 213
text-align 213
text-indent 215
white-space 215
overflow-wrap and word-wrap 216
Code Challenge: Change the Style of Various Text Elements 217
Styling Lists 217
list-style-type 217
list-style-image 219
list-style-position 219
list-style (Shorthand) 220
Summary 220
Part 5: Taking It to the Next Level with Transforms and Animations
Chapter Twelve Adding 2D Transforms 223
Safely Using Experimental CSS3 Properties 223
transform and 2D Transform Functions 224
translate(), translateX(), and translateY() 225
rotate() 227
scale(), scaleX(), and scaleY() 228
skewX() and skewY() 228
matrix() 230
transform-origin 230
Summary 232
Chapter Thirteen Going Beyond with 3D Transforms 233
perspective 234
perspective-origin 235
transform and 3D Transform Functions 235
translateZ() and translate3d() 235
rotateX(), rotateY(), rotateZ(), and rotate3d() 239
scaleZ() and scale3d() 241
Multiple 3D Transform Functions 243
transform-style 243
backface-visibility 245
Summary 246
Chapter Fourteen Bringing Your Website to Life with Transitions and Animations 247
Animating Elements from A to B Using Transitions 247
transition-property 248
transition-duration 249
transition-timing-function 250
transition-delay 251
transition (Shorthand) 251
Making the Banner Transition Back to Its Normal State 252
Code Challenge: Make the Sidebar Sections Transition 253
Animating Elements from A to Z Using Keyframes 253
@keyframes 256
animation-name 258
animation-duration 258
animation-timing-function 259
animation-delay 260
animation-iteration-count 260
animation-direction 260
animation-play-state 261
Table of Contents xiii
animation-fill-mode 262
animation (Shorthand) 263
Creating a Cycling Image Showcase 264
Summary 267
Part 6: Preparing for Multiple Browsers and Devices
Chapter Fifteen Testing Across Multiple Browsers 271
Vendor Prefixing the Easy Way 272
Testing Modern Browsers 276
Firefox 13 and Safari 5 276
Opera 11 and 12 277
Internet Explorer 10 277
Internet Explorer 9 280
Firefox 3.6 280
Testing Older Versions of Internet Explorer 280
Internet Explorer 8 280
Conditional Comments for Internet Explorer 6, 7, and 8 283
Universal Internet Explorer 6 Stylesheet 287
Summary 288
Chapter Sixteen Making Your Website Look Great Across Multiple Devices 289
Using Opera Mobile Emulator 290
Scaling the Viewport on Mobile Devices 292
Using Media Queries 294
Using Logical Operators 295
And 295
Or 295
Not 296
Only 296
width 296
Applying Styles to Specific Media Features 296
height 298
device-width 298
device-height 299
orientation 299
aspect-ratio 299
device-aspect-ratio 299
color, color-index, monochrome, resolution, scan, and grid 300
Adding Media Queries to Cool Shoes & Socks 300
Media Queries for Mobile Devices 300
Media Queries for Tablets and Narrow-Size Desktop Browsers 307
Summary 311
Chapter Seventeen Final Steps and Conclusion 313
Final Steps 313
Removing Production Code and Preparing to Go Live 314
Testing, Testing, Testing 315
Going Live! Uploading to a Web Server 315
The Future Web 315
Index 317
