Constraint-Based Verification

By: Jun Yuan, Carl Pixley, Adnan Aziz

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Hardcover | 24 February 2006

At a Glance

Hardcover
268 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.39 x 15.6 x 1.6

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Constraint-Based Verification covers an emerging field in functional verification of electronic designs, referred to as the "constraint-based verification." The topics are developed in the context of a wide range of dynamic and static verification approaches including simulation, emulation, and formal methods. The goal is to show how constraints, or assertions, can be used towards automating the generation of testbenches, resulting in a seamless verification flow. Topics such as verification coverage, and connection with assertion based verification, are also covered.

The book targets verification engineers as well as researchers. It covers both methodological and technical issues. Particular stress is given to the latest advances in functional verification.

The research community has witnessed recent growth of interests in constraint-based functional verification. Various techniques have been developed. They are relatively new, but have reached a level of maturity so that they are appearing in commercial tools such as Vera and System Verilog.

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Non-Fiction Science Physics Electricity Engineering & Technology Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Technology in General Engineering in General Computing & I.T.Computer Programming & Software Development Software Engineering

Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Circuits & Components Graphical & Digital Media Applications Computer-Aided Design CAD

Dedication	p. v
Introduction	p. 1
Design Complexity	p. 2
The Design Productivity Gap	p. 4
The Verification Crisis	p. 5
Design Modeling and Verification	p. 7
Dynamic versus Static Verification	p. 9
Simulation	p. 11
Simulators	p. 11
Testbench	p. 12
Test Generation	p. 12
Checking Strategies	p. 13
Coverage	p. 13
Emulation	p. 14
Static Verification	p. 15
Equivalence Checking	p. 15
Model Checking and Bounded Model Checking	p. 16
Theorem Proving	p. 17
Language Containment	p. 17
Symbolic Simulation	p. 17
Hybrid Simulation and Formal Verification	p. 18
Constraints, Assertions, and Verification	p. 18
Constrained Random Simulation	p. 19
Assertion-based Verification	p. 20
A Composite Verification Strategy	p. 20
Summary and Book Organization	p. 21
Constrained Random Simulation	p. 25
Constraints for Test Generation	p. 26
Constraining Design Behaviors	p. 29
Constraint Solving	p. 30
Efficiency of Constraint Solving	p. 32
Randomization	p. 32
Constraint Diagnosis	p. 33
A Constrained Random Simulation Tool	p. 33
The Language	p. 33
BDD-based Constraint Solving	p. 35
Prioritized Constraints	p. 35
High Level Verification Languages	p. 37
Testbench and System Languages	p. 38
Constrained Random Simulation Languages	p. 40
Constraints	p. 40
Commutativity of Constraints	p. 41
Randomization	p. 41
Dynamic Constraints and Randomization	p. 41
System Verilog Random Constraints	p. 42
Overview	p. 43
Set Membership	p. 45
Inline Constraints	p. 45
Random Sequence Generation	p. 46
Variable ordering	p. 47
Cycling Random Variables and Permutations	p. 49
Guarded Constraints	p. 49
Distribution	p. 50
Pre-processing and Post-processing	p. 50
Random Stability	p. 51
Dynamic Constraints and Randomization	p. 52
Summary	p. 52
Assertion Languages and Constraints	p. 53
Assertion Languages	p. 54
PSL	p. 54
OVL	p. 55
Temporal Logic and Regular Expression	p. 56
Temporal Logic	p. 57
Regular Expression	p. 58
Truthness of Properties	p. 59
Strong and Weak Semantics	p. 61
Safety and Liveness Properties	p. 63
Multiple Paths and Initial States	p. 65
Introduction to PSL	p. 65
The Four Layers of PSL	p. 65
Verification Units	p. 66
Sequential Extended Regular Expression	p. 67
Teh Foundation Language	p. 68
Monitors and Generators	p. 70
Monitors	p. 70
Generators	p. 73
Monitor Construction	p. 74
The Tableau Rules and Cover	p. 75
Constructing the NFA	p. 76
Determinization of NFA	p. 79
Summary	p. 80
Preliminaries	p. 83
Boolean Algebra and Notations	p. 83
Graphs	p. 84
Hardware Modeling	p. 85
Reachability Analysis	p. 88
Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams	p. 90
BDD Representation of Boolean Functions	p. 90
BDD Manipulations	p. 91
The BDD Size Consideration	p. 92
Boolean Satisfiability	p. 93
SAT Solving	p. 94
Definitions	p. 95
Conflict-based learning and Backtracking	p. 97
Decision Heuristics	p. 100
Efficient BCP Implementation	p. 101
Unsatisfiable Core	p. 102
Other Optimizations	p. 103
Automatic Test Pattern Generation	p. 104
The D-algorithm	p. 105
The PODEM and FAN algorithms	p. 106
Constrained Vector Generation	p. 109
Constraints and Biasing	p. 110
BDD Representation of Constraints	p. 110
Input Biasing and Vector Distribution	p. 111
Constrained Probabilities	p. 111
An Example of Constrained Probability	p. 112
Simulation Vector Generation	p. 113
The Weight Procedure	p. 114
The Walk Procedure	p. 115
Correctness and Properties	p. 117
Implementation Issues	p. 120
Variable Ordering	p. 120
Constraint Partitioning	p. 120
The Overall Flow	p. 121
Variable Solve Order	p. 121
Weighted Distribution	p. 124
Cycling Variables and Permutations	p. 125
Historical Perspective	p. 126
Results	p. 126
Constraint BDDs	p. 127
A Case Study	p. 128
Summary	p. 130
Constraint Simplification	p. 133
Definitions	p. 135
Syntactical Extraction	p. 137
Functional Extraction	p. 139
Constraint Simplification	p. 142
Recursive Extraction	p. 143
The Overall Algorithm	p. 145
Historical Perspective	p. 145
Experiments	p. 148
Impact on Building Conjunction BDDs	p. 148
Impact on Simulation	p. 150
Summary	p. 151
More Optimizations	p. 153
Constraint Prioritization	p. 154
Tree-decomposition	p. 155
Functional Decomposition	p. 157
Formula Factorization	p. 158
Implication of Multiple Clocks	p. 159
Summary	p. 160
Constraint Synthesis	p. 161
Problem Formulation	p. 162
The Constraint Synthesis Method	p. 164
Deriving Reproductive Solutions	p. 165
Don't Cares	p. 167
Variable Removal	p. 168
The Overall Algorithm	p. 169
Other Synthesis Methods	p. 170
Coudert and Madre's Method	p. 171
Randomization	p. 174
Building Circuits from Relations	p. 175
Computing the Weights	p. 175
Computing the Assignments	p. 176
Selecting the Outputs	p. 177
Synthesis using SAT solving	p. 177
Experimental Results	p. 179
Summary and Discussion	p. 181
Constraint Diagnosis	p. 183
The Illegal States	p. 184
Reachability Analysis	p. 185
Locating the Conflict Source	p. 185
Fixing Over-constraints via Illegal States Removal	p. 186
Summary	p. 187
Word-Level Constraint Solving	p. 189
DPLL-based 01-ILP	p. 192
Linear Pseudo Boolean Constraints	p. 193
Cutting-planes in ILP	p. 194
A DPLL-based 01-ILP Algorithm	p. 196
Multi-valued Satisfiability	p. 203
Word-level Constraint Solving	p. 205
Converting RTL to Integer Linear Constraints	p. 206
Propagation and Implication	p. 211
Lazy Evaluation	p. 213
Multiple Domain Reductions	p. 214
Conflict Analysis	p. 214
Arithmetic Solving	p. 216
ATPG-based Word-level Constraint Solving	p. 217
Randomization Consideration	p. 220
Summary	p. 220
Appendices	p. 221
Acronyms	p. 221
Proofs	p. 223
Proofs for Chapter 6	p. 223
Proofs for Chapter 7	p. 226
Proofs for Chapter 8	p. 229
References	p. 231
Index	p. 247
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Constraint-Based Verification

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