Constantine

List of Illustrations ix

Preface x

Abbreviations xii

1 Introduction 1

Official Lies and the ‘Constantinian Question’ 2

The Progress of Historical Research 6

Contemporary Perspectives on Constantine 8

Coins, Inscriptions and Monuments 16

2 The Soldier and the Stable-Girl 27

The Social Status of Helena 30

The Marriage of Constantine’s Parents 33

Constantius’ Second Wife 38

The Later Life of Helena 42

3 Constantine, the Ruins of Babylon and the Court of Pharaoh 46

The Diocletianic Tetrarchy (293–305) 46

The Appointment of New Emperors 49

Constantine in the East (293–305) 51

The Dynastic Coup of 305 56

4 The Road to Rome 61

Constantine’s Proclamation and Recognition as Emperor 62

Politics and Warfare 306–310 66

The Vision of Constantine 74

The Invasion of Italy 80

Constantine in Rome and Christmas 312 83

Constantinian Churches in Rome 85

Appendix: The Status of Constantine 306–311 89

5 Brothers-in-Law 90

Constantine and Licinius in Milan 90

Was there an ‘Edict of Milan’? 93

Towards War 97

From Cibalae (316) to Chrysopolis (324) 103

6 The Transformation of the East 107

The Foundation of Constantinople 111

An Imperial Sermon 113

The Council of Nicaea 120

A Christian Capital for a Christian Roman Empire 126

Pro-Christian Legislation 131

Constantine and Ecclesiastical Politics 140

East and West in the Fourth Century 142

7 Dynastic Politics after the Council of Nicaea 144

The Deaths of Crispus and Fausta 144

A Third Wife for Constantine? 150

The Organization of the Empire 153

Constantine’s Dynastic Plans 163

An Astrologer’s Praise of Constantine 168

Tables: Dynastic Alliances and Children of Emperors 285–337 170

Appendix: The Dynastic Marriages of 335 and 336 171

8 Epilogue 173

Appendix A: The Career of Lactantius 176

Appendix B: Galerius’ Sarmatian Victories 179

Appendix C: The Panegyrici Latini and Constantine 181

Appendix D: Eusebius, On Easter (De Sollemnitate Paschali) 185

Appendix E: Nicagoras in Egypt 192

Appendix F: Praxagoras of Athens 195

Appendix G: An Anonymous Panegyric of Constantine 198

Notes 201

Bibliography 226

Index 254