Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Companion Website xvii
1 What Is Cloud Computing? 1
Why Cloud Computing? 1
Cloud Computingâs Focus 2
Cost Reduction 2
Capacity Planning 4
Organizational Agility 5
How Is Cloud Computing Hosted? 6
Private Cloud Deployment 6
Public Cloud Deployment 6
Hybrid Cloud Deployment 7
What Are the Different Types of Cloud Solutions? 7
Software as a Service (SaaS) 8
Platform as a Service (PaaS) 9
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 10
SaaS versus PaaS versus IaaS: A Review 12
Recovery as a Service (RaaS) 12
What Are General Benefits of Cloud Services? 13
What Are General Disadvantages of Cloud Services? 14
What Is the History Behind Cloud Computing? 14
Historic Perspective of Hardware Related to Cloud Computing 16
Historic Perspective of Software Related to Cloud Computing 17
SOA Explained in Terms of Lego Blocks 18
Summary 20
References 21
Bibliography 21
2 Who Uses the Cloud? 23
Individuals Users 23
Public Cloud Subscription Storage for Individuals 24
Private Cloud Storage (PCS) for Individuals 25
Hosted Personal Cloud Storage Using Third Party Hardware 27
Public Cloud versus Personal Cloud Storage 28
Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Users 28
How Can Cloud Computing Save SMEs Money? 28
What Cloud Computing Features Appeal to SMEs? 32
SME Cloud Software 32
Accounting Software 32
Human Resources (HR) Software 33
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 36
Project Management/Task Organization 40
Office Software 42
Data Analytics 44
Social Media 45
Purchasing and Procurement 46
Help Desk and Service Software 47
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 48
Corporate Managers and Users 49
Organizational Users of Cloud Computing 50
PaaS Users 50
IaaS Users 51
File Storage and Backup Users 51
Disaster Recovery Users 51
Big Data Analytics Users 51
Summary 51
References 52
Further Reading 52
Website Resources 52
Accounting Software 52
CRM Software 53
Data Analytics 53
ERP for SMEs 53
Help Desk 53
HR Software 53
Office Software 54
Project Management Tools 54
Purchasing and Procurement 54
Social Media 54
3 What Is Virtualization? 55
Hardware Virtualization 56
Hypervisors 56
Types of Hardware Virtualization 57
Hardware Virtualization Vendors and Products 59
Hardware Virtualization Benefits 60
Operating System Virtualization 62
Operating-System-Level Virtualization (Containerization) 62
Containerization Software 63
Containers versus Virtual Machines 65
Container Cloud Practices 66
Containers as a Service (CaaS) 67
Storage Virtualization 67
DAS (Direct Attached Storage) 67
SAN (Storage Area Networks) 69
NAS (Network Attached Storage) 70
Storage Virtualization Techniques 71
File- Versus Block-Level Virtualization 72
Summary 72
References 72
Further Reading 72
4 Can the Cloud Help Operations? 75
Load Balancing 75
Load Balancing Algorithms 77
Static Load Balancing Algorithms 77
Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithms 78
Cloud Load Balancing Algorithms 79
Hardware Versus Software Load Balancing 81
Cloud-Based Balancing 81
Cloud Load Balancing Versus DNS Load Balancing 82
Scalability and Elasticity 82
Elasticity in Cloud Environments 83
Challenges for Elasticity 84
Learning Curve 84
Response Time 84
Monitoring Elastic Applications 85
Stakeholder Needs 85
Multiple Levels of Cloud Control 85
Security 85
Privacy and Compliance 86
Benefits of Cloud Elasticity 86
Ease of Implementation 86
Failover and Fault Tolerance 86
On-Demand Computing 87
Pay Only for What You Use 87
Standardization of Server Pool 88
Summary 88
References 89
Further Reading 89
5 How Are Clouds Managed? 91
Automation 91
Orchestration 92
Automation Tasks 92
Implementing Orchestration with IaC 93
IaC Example 95
IaC Tools 97
Push Approach 97
Pull Approach 97
Puppet 98
Chef 98
SaltStack 99
Terraform 99
Cloud Provider Resource Management 99
AWS CloudFormation 99
Google Cloud Deployment Manager 100
Azure Resource Manager 101
Access Control for Resource Management Tools 102
Customized Policies 104
APIs and SDKs 105
APIs 105
SaaS APIs 105
PaaS APIs 105
IaaS APIs 105
SDKs 106
SDKs and APIs 106
Cloud Backup and Replication 106
Cloud Backup 107
Cloud Backup Processes 108
Cloud Backup Drawbacks 109
Cloud Backup Vendors 110
Cloud Replication 111
Replication Technologies 112
DRaaS 113
Summary 114
References 115
Further Reading 115
Website Resources 116
Backup Providers 116
DRaaS Providers 116
IaC Providers 117
6 What Are Cloud Business Concerns? 119
Monitoring and Console Tools 119
Resource Consumption Monitoring 120
Planning for Monitoring 121
Cloud Monitoring Tools 121
Monitoring Challenges 123
Cost Monitoring 123
Costs Associated with Zombie Resource Instances 126
Service Level Agreements (SLAs) 128
SLA Sources 129
SLA Components 129
SLA Metrics 130
Other Performance Considerations 133
Performance Failure Penalties 133
SLA Data Ownership Clause 134
Data Ownership 134
Data Location 134
Data Disposition 136
Data Breaches 136
Governmental Access Requests 137
SLA Revisions 138
Transferring SLAs 138
More on SLAs 138
Billing 139
Amazon Billing 140
Third Party Billing Tools 141
Summary 141
References 142
Further Reading 142
Website Resources 143
Cost and Monitoring Software 143
Zombie Instance Management Software 143
7 How Are Business Applications in the Cloud Managed Safely? 145
Cloud Vulnerabilities 145
Cloud Security Architecture 146
IaaS Security Architecture 146
IaaS Resource Misconfiguration 147
IaaS Resource Vulnerabilities 147
IaaS Zombies Vulnerabilities 149
PaaS Security Architecture 149
SaaS Security Architecture 151
Access and Identity Control in the Cloud 152
Identity Governance 153
IAM Considerations for Developers 154
Identity Provisioning 155
Cloud Licenses 156
IAM with Third Party Vendors 156
FIM Benefits 158
FIM Challenges 158
Identity and Access Management Products 159
Identity Management Standards 160
Summary 163
References 164
Bibliography 164
Website Bibliography 165
Identity Management 165
8 What Is Cloud Governance? 167
IT Governance Overview 167
IT Governance Boards 169
IT Governance Frameworks 169
COBIT 2019 170
ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) 171
AS 8015-2015 172
ISO/IEC 38500:2015 174
CMMI 174
FAIR 174
IT Governance in the Cloud 176
Choosing a Governance Framework 177
Cloud Risk Factors Related to Governance 177
IT Audit Committees 178
IT Auditor 179
IT Controls 179
End-User Controls 181
Shadow IT 183
Acceptable Risk 184
SOA Governance 185
Ensuring Secure Cloud Data 185
Cloud Provider Data Safety Measures 187
Cloud Encryption 187
Symmetric Key Encryption 189
Asymmetric Key Encryption 190
Other Encryption Methods 191
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 191
Key Management 194
Key Management System Products 195
Summary 195
References 196
Further Reading 196
9 What Other Services Run in the Cloud? 199
DevOps 199
DevOps Ingredients 200
Ingredient #1: Communication 200
Ingredient #2: Collaboration 201
Ingredient #3: Flow 201
Ingredient #4: Continuous Improvement 202
Ingredient #5: Lean Computing 202
Ingredient #6: Tool Kit 203
Ingredient #7: Quality 203
Cloud-Based Problem-Solving Approaches 204
DMAIC 204
TRIZ 205
Microservices 206
Cloud Database Applications 209
Cloud Data Models 209
Cloud Database Typical Features 211
DBaaS Product Examples 211
Amazon 211
Microsoft 211
Google 211
Other DBaaS Vendors 212
Cloud Analytics Services 212
Microsoft Power BI Service 214
Domo 215
IBM Analytics 215
Tableau 215
Hadoop 216
Hadoop in the Cloud 216
Apache Spark 217
Apache Storm 217
Open Source Private Cloud Software 218
OpenStack 218
OpenStack Components 219
Other Services 219
Compute Services 220
Application Services 220
Summary 221
References 221
Further Reading 221
Website Resources 222
Data Analytics Tools 222
DBaaS 222
NoSQL 222
SQL 222
DevOps 223
Hadoop Competitors 223
Private Clouds 223
Virtual Databases 223
NoSQL 223
SQL 223
10 What Is the Cloud Future? 225
NoOps 225
Everything as a Service (EaaS) 226
Zero Knowledge Cloud Storage 226
Serverless Architecture 226
Multicloud 227
Small Business Clouds 227
Machine Learning 228
Internet of Things (IoT) 229
Cloud Computing as a Utility 229
Cloud Streaming Services 230
Edge Computing 230
Fog Computing 231
Summary 232
References 233
Further Reading 233
Glossary 235
Chapter 1 List of Terms 235
Chapter 2 List of Terms 237
Chapter 3 List of Terms 240
Chapter 4 List of Terms 243
Chapter 5 List of Terms 245
Chapter 6 List of Terms 248
Chapter 7 List of Terms 250
Chapter 8 List of Terms 252
Chapter 9 List of Terms 256
Chapter 10 List of Terms 258
Index 261
