About the Authors xv
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xix
1 Introduction to Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A Brief History of the Access Network 2
1.3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 3
1.3.1 DSL Technologies and Their Evolution 3
1.3.2 DSL System Technologies 5
1.4 Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable (HFC) 5
1.5 Power Line Communications (PLC) 6
1.6 Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 7
1.7 Wireless Broadband Access 10
1.8 Direct Point-to-Point Connections 12
Appendix 1.A: Voiceband Modems 12
2 Introduction to Fiber Optic Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 A Brief History of Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 16
2.3 Introduction to PON Systems 18
2.3.1 PON System Overview 18
2.3.2 PON Protocol Evolution 19
2.4 FITL Technology Considerations 21
2.4.1 Optical Components 21
2.4.2 Powering the Loop 22
2.4.3 System Power Savings 23
2.4.4 PON Reach Extension 25
2.5 Introduction to PON Network Protection 30
2.5.1 Background on Network Protection 31
2.5.2 PON Facility Protection 31
2.5.3 OLT Function Protection 35
2.5.4 ONU Protection 40
2.5.5 Conclusions Regarding Protection 42
2.6 Conclusions 42
Appendix 2.A: Subscriber Power Considerations 43
References 43
Further Reading 43
3 IEEE Passive Optical Networks 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet-based PON (EPON) 45
3.2.1 EPON Physical Layer 46
3.2.2 Signal Formats 46
3.2.3 MAC Protocol 48
3.2.4 Encryption and Security 49
3.2.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 50
3.2.6 ONU Discovery and Activation 51
3.2.7 ONU Ranging Mechanism 52
3.2.8 EPON OAM 52
3.2.9 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 53
3.3 IEEE 802.3av 10Gbit/s Ethernet-based PON (10G EPON) 54
3.3.1 10G EPON Physical Layer 54
3.3.2 Signal Format 58
3.3.3 MAC Protocol 59
3.3.4 Forward Error Correction 59
3.3.5 ONU Discovery and Activation 61
3.3.6 ONU Ranging Mechanism 61
3.3.7 10G EPON OAM 61
3.3.8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 61
3.4 Summary Comparison of EPON and 10G EPON 61
3.5 Transport of Timing and Synchronization over EPON and 10G EPON 61
3.6 Overview of the IEEE 1904.1 Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (SIEPON) 63
3.6.1 SIEPON MAC Functional Blocks 65
3.6.2 VLAN Support 67
3.6.3 Multicast Service 67
3.6.4 SIEPON Service Management 67
3.6.5 Performance Monitoring and Verification 69
3.6.6 SIEPON Service Availability 70
3.6.7 SIEPON Optical Link Protection 70
3.6.8 SIEPON Power Savings 70
3.6.9 SIEPON Security Mechanisms 71
3.6.10 SIEPON Management 71
3.7 ITU-T G.9801 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks using OMCI 71
3.8 Conclusions 71
Appendix 3.A: 64B/66B Line Code 72
References 75
Further Readings 75
4 ITU-T/FSAN PON Protocols 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 ITU-T G.983 Series B-PON (Broadband PON) 78
4.3 ITU-T G.984 Series G-PON (Gigabit-capable PON) 79
4.3.1 G-PON Physical Layer 79
4.3.2 G-PON Frame Formats 81
4.3.3 G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM) 87
4.3.4 G-PON Multiplexing 91
4.3.5 Encryption and Security 92
4.3.6 Forward Error Correction 92
4.3.7 Protection Switching 94
4.3.8 ONU Activation 94
4.3.9 Ranging Mechanism 95
4.3.10 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 96
4.3.11 OAM Communication 97
4.3.12 Time of Day Distribution 97
4.3.13 G-PON Enhancements 101
4.4 Next Generation PON (NG-PON) 101
4.4.1 Introduction to G.987 series XG-PON (NG-PON1 - 10Gbit-capable PON) 102
4.4.2 XG-PON Physical Layer 102
4.4.3 XG-PON Transmission Convergence Layer and Frame Structures 105
4.4.4 Forward Error Correction 108
4.4.5 XG-PON Encapsulation Method (XGEM) 109
4.4.6 XG-PON Management 110
4.4.7 XG-PON Security 110
4.4.8 NG-PON2 40 Gbit/s Capable PON 110
Appendix 4.A: Summary Comparison of EPON and G-PON 112
References 113
Further Readings 114
5 Optical Domain PON Technologies 115
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiple Access) PON 115
5.2.1 Overview 115
5.2.2 Technologies 116
5.2.3 Applications 120
5.3 CDMA PON 120
5.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 122
5.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing and OFDM 123
5.5.1 Introduction 123
5.5.2 OFDMA PON 123
5.6 Conclusions 125
References 126
Further Readings 126
6 Hybrid Fiber Access Technologies 127
6.1 Introduction and Background 127
6.2 Evolution of DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) to Passive Optical Networks 127
6.2.1 Introduction and Background 127
6.2.2 DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) 128
6.2.3 Conclusions for DPoE 135
6.3 Radio and Radio Frequency Signals over Fiber 135
6.3.1 Radio over Fiber (RoF) 136
6.3.2 Baseband Digital Radio Fiber Interfaces 136
6.3.3 Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) 138
6.4 IEEE 802.3bn Ethernet Protocol over Coaxial Cable (EPoC) 140
6.5 Conclusions 140
References 141
Further Readings 141
7 DSL Technology - Broadband via Telephone Lines 143
7.1 Introduction to DSL 143
7.2 DSL Compared to Other Access Technologies 144
7.2.1 Security and Reliability 144
7.2.2 Point-to-Point Versus Shared Access 145
7.2.3 Common Facilities for Voice and DSL 146
7.2.4 Bit-rate Capacity 146
7.2.5 Hybrid Access 146
7.2.6 Future Trends for DSL Access 146
7.3 DSL Overview 147
7.3.1 Voice-band Modems 147
7.3.2 The DSL Concept 147
7.3.3 DSL Terminology 149
7.3.4 Introduction to DSL Types 151
7.3.5 DSL Performance Improvement, Repeaters, and Bonding 152
7.3.6 Splitters and Filters for Voice and Data 153
7.3.7 Other Ways to Convey Voice and Data 155
7.4 Transmission Channel and Impairments 156
7.4.1 Signal Attenuation 158
7.4.2 Bridged Taps 159
7.4.3 Loading Coils 162
7.4.4 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 163
7.4.5 Balance 163
7.4.6 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) 163
7.4.7 Noise 164
7.4.8 Transmission Channel Models 170
7.5 DSL Transmission Techniques 170
7.5.1 Duplexing 170
7.5.2 Channel Equalization and Related Techniques 171
7.5.3 Coding 172
References 174
Further Readings 174
8 The Family of DSL Technologies 175
8.1 ADSL 175
8.1.1 G.lite 176
8.1.2 ADSL2 and ADSL2plus 177
8.1.3 ADSL1 and ADSL2plus Performance 178
8.2 VDSL 179
8.2.1 VDSL2 181
8.2.2 VDSL2 Performance 182
8.3 Basic Rate Interface ISDN 184
8.4 HDSL, HDSL2, and HDLS4 185
8.5 SHDSL 185
8.6 G.fast (FTTC DSL) 187
Reference 188
9 Advanced DSL Techniques and Home Networking 189
9.1 Repeaters and Bonding 189
9.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) 190
9.3 Vectored Transmission 190
9.4 Home Networking 195
References 195
Further Readings 195
10 DSL Standards 197
10.1 Spectrum Management - ANSI T1.417 197
10.2 G.hs - ITU-T Rec. G.994.1 199
10.3 PLOAM - ITU-T Rec. G.997.1 200
10.4 G.bond - ITU-T Recs. G.998.1, G.998.2, and G.998.3 201
10.5 G.test - ITU-T Rec. G.996.1 202
10.6 G.lt - ITU-T Rec. G.996.2 202
10.7 Broadband Forum DSL Testing Specifications 203
10.8 Broadband Forum TR-069 - Remote Management of CPE 204
References 205
11 The DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) Protocol 207
11.1 General Introduction 207
11.2 Introduction to MSO Networks 207
11.3 Background on Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Networks 208
11.4 Introduction to DOCSIS 210
11.5 DOCSIS Network Elements 210
11.5.1 CMTS (Cable Modem Terminating System) 211
11.5.2 CM (Cable Modem) 212
11.5.3 FN (Fiber Node) 213
11.5.4 RF Combiner Shelf 213
11.6 Brief History of the DOCSIS Protocol Evolution 213
11.6.1 DOCSIS 1.0 214
11.6.2 DOCSIS 1.1 214
11.6.3 DOCSIS 2.0 214
11.6.4 DOCSIS 3.0 215
11.6.5 Regional History and Considerations 215
11.7 DOCSIS Physical Layer 216
11.7.1 DOCSIS Downstream Transmission 216
11.7.2 DOCSIS Upstream Transmission 218
11.8 Synchronization and Ranging 222
11.8.1 Synchronization 223
11.8.2 Ranging 224
11.9 DOCSIS MAC Sub-Layer 226
11.9.1 Downstream MAC 227
11.9.2 Upstream MAC 228
11.9.3 MAC Management Messages 232
11.9.4 MAC Parameters 233
11.10 CM Provisioning 239
11.11 Security 240
11.12 Introduction to Companion Protocols 242
11.12.1 The PacketCableTM Protocol 242
11.12.2 The OpenCableTM Protocol 242
11.12.3 PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM) 242
11.13 Conclusions 243
References 243
Further Readings 243
12 Broadband in Gas Line (BIG) 245
12.1 Introduction to BIG 245
12.2 Proposed Technology 245
12.3 Potential Drawbacks for BIG 245
12.4 Broadband Sewage Line 247
Reference 247
13 Power Line Communications 249
13.1 Introduction 249
13.2 The Early Years 250
13.3 Narrowband PLC 251
13.3.1 Overview of NB-PLC Standards 252
13.4 Broadband PLC 253
13.4.1 Overview of BB-PLC Standards 254
13.5 Power Grid Topologies 257
13.5.1 Outdoor Topologies: HV, MV, and LV 257
13.5.2 Indoor Topologies 258
13.6 Outdoor and In-Home Channel Characterization 261
13.6.1 Characteristics of the HV Power Line Channel 262
13.6.2 Characteristics of MV Power Line Channel 262
13.6.3 Characteristics of LV Power Line Channel 263
13.6.4 Power Line Noise Characteristics 263
13.7 Power Line Channel Modeling 269
13.7.1 Recent Results on the Modeling of Wireline Channels: Towards a Unified Framework 271
13.8 The IEEE 1901 Broadband over Power Line Standard 273
13.8.1 Overview of Technical Features 273
13.8.2 The MAC and the Two PLCPs 274
13.8.3 Access-Specific Features 275
13.9 PLC and the Smart Grid 277
13.9.1 PLC for MV 279
13.9.2 PLC for LV 279
13.10 Conclusions 283
References 284
Further Reading 285
14 Wireless Broadband Access: Air Interface Fundamentals 287
14.1 Introduction 287
14.2 Duplexing Techniques 287
14.2.1 Frequency-Division Duplex 288
14.2.2 Time-Division Duplex 288
14.3 Physical Layer Concepts 289
14.3.1 The Wireless Channel 289
14.3.2 Diversity 290
14.3.3 Channel Coding 291
14.3.4 Interleaving 291
14.3.5 Multi-Antenna Techniques and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 291
14.4 Access Technology Concepts 295
14.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 295
14.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 295
14.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 295
14.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 297
14.4.5 MAC Protocols 299
14.5 Cross-Layer Algorithms 300
14.5.1 Link Adaptation 300
14.5.2 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 300
14.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 302
14.6 Example Application: Satellite Broadband Access 303
14.7 Summary 303
Further Reading 304
15 WiFi: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 305
15.1 Introduction 305
15.2 Technology Basics 306
15.2.1 System Overview 306
15.2.2 MAC Layer 308
15.2.3 Physical Layer 311
15.3 Technology Evolution 312
15.3.1 802.11 b 312
15.3.2 802.11 a/g 313
15.3.3 802.11 n 314
15.3.4 802.11 ac 316
15.4 WLAN Network Architecture 318
15.5 TV White Space and 802.11 af 320
15.6 Summary 320
Further Readings 321
16 UMTS: W-CDMA and HSPA 323
16.1 Introduction 323
16.2 Technology Basics 324
16.2.1 Network Architecture 324
16.2.2 Protocol Architecture 325
16.2.3 Physical Layer (L1) 327
16.2.4 Layer-2 334
16.2.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 336
16.3 UMTS Technology Evolution 338
16.3.1 Release 99 338
16.3.2 Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 339
16.3.3 Release 6: Enhanced Uplink 343
16.3.4 Release 7 347
16.3.5 Release 8 and Beyond 348
16.4 CDMA2000 350
16.5 Summary 351
Further Readings 352
17 Fourth Generation Systems: LTE and LTE-Advanced 353
17.1 Introduction 353
17.1.1 LTE Standardization 353
17.1.2 LTE Requirements 354
17.2 Release 8: The Basics of LTE 355
17.2.1 Network Architecture 355
17.2.2 PDN Connectivity, Bearers, and QoS Architecture 358
17.2.3 Protocol Architecture 360
17.2.4 Layer-1: The Physical Layer 361
17.2.5 Layer-2 and Cross-Layer Algorithms 370
17.2.6 Layer-3: Radio Resource Control (RRC) 380
17.3 Release 9: eMBMS and SON 383
17.3.1 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) 384
17.3.2 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 386
17.4 Release 10: LTE-Advanced 386
17.4.1 Carrier Aggregation 388
17.4.2 Heterogeneous Networks with Small Cells 391
17.5 Future of LTE-Advanced: Release 11 and Beyond 395
17.5.1 Cooperative Multi-Point (CoMP) 396
17.5.2 Release 12 and the Future of LTE 398
17.6 IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX Systems 399
17.7 Summary 400
Further Readings 402
18 Conclusions Regarding Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 403
Index 407
