List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
Luigi Marrelli
References 6
2 Artificial Kidney: The New Challenge 9
Pasquale Berloco, Simone Novelli, and Renzo Pretagostini
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Kidney Transplantation Statistics 11
2.3 Transplantation Costs 12
2.4 Post?-Transplant Costs 12
2.5 Renal Replacement Devices 13
2.6 Implantable Artificial Kidney: Prototype Developments 16
2.7 Kidney Tissue Engineering 17
2.8 Next Steps 20
2.9 Conclusion 21
List of Acronyms 22
References 23
3 Current Status and New Challenges of the Artificial Liver 27
Hiroshi Mizumoto, Nana Shirakigawa, and Hiroyuki Ijima
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Non?-Biological Artificial Liver 28
3.2.1 Classification and Clinical Study 29
3.2.2 PE and HDF 29
3.2.2.1 High?-Volume Therapeutic PE 29
3.2.2.2 High?-Flow Dialysate Continuous HDF 29
3.2.2.3 PE with Online HDF 30
3.2.3 Blood Purification with Albumin Dialysis 30
3.2.3.1 Single-Pass Albumin Dialysis 30
3.2.3.2 Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System 31
3.2.3.3 Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption (Prometheus?) 32
3.2.3.4 Hepa Wash 32
3.2.4 Selective Plasma Filtration Therapy 32
3.2.4.1 Biologic?-Detoxifilter/Plasma Filter 32
3.2.4.2 Selective Plasma?-Exchange Therapy 32
3.2.4.3 Plasma Filtration with Dialysis 33
3.2.5 Clinical Observations of Various Combinations 33
3.3 Bioartificial Liver 35
3.3.1 Bioartificial Liver Support System 35
3.3.2 Cell Source for BAL 37
3.4 New Stream for Artificial Liver 40
3.4.1 Tissue Engineering for Liver Construction 40
3.4.2 Whole Organ Engineering for the Transplantable Artificial Liver 41
3.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 43
List of Acronyms 44
References 45
4 A Chemical Engineering Perspective on Blood Oxygenators 55
Luisa Di Paola
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 A Historical Note 57
4.3 Chemical Engineering Principles in Blood Oxygenators 60
4.4 Chemical Engineering Process Analogues of ECMO Systems 65
4.5 New Challenges 67
4.6 Conclusion 69
List of Symbols 69
References 69
5 Model Predictive Control for the Artificial Pancreas 75
M. Capocelli, L. De Santis, A. Maurizi, P. Pozzilli, and Vincenzo Piemonte
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Phenomenological Models 78
5.2.1 Background and Two?-Compartmental Models 78
5.2.2 Three?-Compartment Models 79
5.3 Black?-Block Approach 85
5.4 Conclusions 90
Nomenclature 91
References 92
6 Multiscale Synthetic Biology: From Molecules to Ecosystems 97
Luisa Di Paola and Alessandro Giuliani
6.1 Introduction: An Historical?-Epistemological Perspective 97
6.2 Applications 99
6.2.1 Protein Synthetic Biology 99
6.2.2 Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs 108
6.2.3 Biotechnology and Ecology Applications 109
6.3 Conclusions 111
List of Symbols 112
References 112
7 Chemical Reaction Engineering Methodologies for Biomedical Imaging Analysis 119
Masahiro Kawahara
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 119
7.2.1 1H?-MRI 120
7.2.2 19F?-MRI 121
7.2.3 MRI using Magnetization Transfer 122
7.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) 123
7.3.1 PET 123
7.3.2 SPECT 125
7.4 Fluorescence Imaging 126
7.4.1 Fluorescent Proteins 126
7.4.2 Small Organic Fluorophores 128
7.5 Conclusion 131
List of Abbreviations 131
References 132
8 Noninvasive and Label?-Free Characterization of Cells for Tissue Engineering Purposes 145
Shunsuke Tomita
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 Multivariate Analyses 146
8.2.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 147
8.2.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) 148
8.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) 148
8.2.4 Other Multivariate Analyses 149
8.3 Vibrational Spectroscopic Features 149
8.3.1 Cell Characterization Based on Whole?-Cell Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy 151
8.3.2 Cell Characterization Based on Subcellular Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy 153
8.3.3 Raman?-Based Cell Characterization Toward Biomedical Applications 157
8.4 Morphological Features 160
8.4.1 Cell Characterization Based on Unstained Microscopic Images of Single Cells 160
8.4.2 Cell Characterization Based on Unstained Microscopic Images of Cell Populations 162
8.5 Secreted Molecule Features 165
8.5.1 Cell Characterization Based on Response Signatures 165
8.6 Conclusion and Outlook 167
List of Acronyms 168
References 168
9 TMS?-EEG: Methods and Challenges in the Analysis of Brain Connectivity 175
Elisa Kallioniemi, Mervi Kononen, and Sara Maatta
9.1 Introduction 175
9.1.1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 175
9.1.2 Electroencephalography 176
9.1.3 Combined TMS and Electroencephalography 178
9.1.4 Data Acquisition 178
9.1.5 Artifacts and Their Prevention 180
9.2 Signal Processing Methods 181
9.2.1 Preprocessing 181
9.2.2 Connectivity Analysis Methods in TMS?-EEG 182
9.2.3 Time Domain Methods 183
9.2.4 Frequency Domain Methods 183
9.3 TMS?-EEG Applications in Studies of Connectivity 184
9.3.1 General Aspects 184
9.3.2 TMS?-Evoked Potentials (TEPs) 185
9.3.3 TMS?-Induced Oscillations 186
9.3.4 Clinical Perspectives 187
9.3.4.1 Alzheimer's Disease 187
9.3.4.2 Schizophrenia 188
9.3.4.3 Disorders of Consciousness 189
9.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 189
List of Acronyms 190
References 190
10 Thermal Treatments of Tumors: Principles and Methods 199
P. Saccomandi, E. Schena, M. Diana, J. Marescaux, and G. Costamagna
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Effects of Temperature on Living Tissue 199
10.2.1 Hyperthermal Tissue Destruction 200
10.2.2 Cold Temperature for Tissue Destruction 202
10.3 Physical Principles of Thermal Treatments 203
10.3.1 Hyperthermal Treatments 203
10.3.1.1 High?-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation 203
10.3.1.2 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) 204
10.3.1.3 Microwave Ablation (MWA) 205
10.3.1.4 Laser Ablation (LA) 206
10.3.2 Cryoablation 207
10.4 Mathematical Modeling of Thermal Therapies 209
10.5 Temperature Monitoring During Thermal Treatments 211
10.5.1 Invasive (Contact) Thermometric Techniques 212
10.5.2 Non?-Invasive (Contactless) Thermometric Techniques 215
10.6 Conclusions 218
List of Acronyms 219
List of Symbols 219
References 220
Index 229
