Biodiesel

Cover -- TOC$Contents -- CH$1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction to Energy Sources -- 1.2 Global Energy Sources and the Present Energy Situation -- 1.3 Renewable Energy Sources -- 1.3.1 Biomass Energy and Biomass Conversion Technologies -- 1.3.2 Hydropower -- 1.3.3 Geothermal Energy -- 1.3.4 Wind Energy -- 1.3.5 Solar Energy -- 1.3.6 Biohydrogen -- 1.3.7 Other Renewable Energy Sources -- References -- CH$2 Biofuels -- 2.1 Introduction to Biofuels -- 2.2 Bioethanol -- 2.3 Biomethanol -- 2.4 Biohydrogen from Biomass by Steam Reforming -- 2.4.1 Steam-reforming Process -- 2.4.2 Fuels from Bio-syngas via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 2.5 Biodiesel -- 2.6 Bio-oil -- 2.7 Global Biofuel Scenarios -- References -- CH$3 Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats -- 3.1 Use of Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats in Fuel Engines -- 3.2 Vegetable Oil Resources -- 3.2.1 Inedible Oil Resources -- 3.3 Vegetable Oil Processing -- 3.3.1 Recovery of Vegetable Oils from Plants -- 3.3.2 Vegetable Oil Refining -- 3.4 The Use of Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuel -- 3.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Vegetable Oils -- 3.4.2 Direct Use of Vegetable Oils in Diesel Engines -- 3.5 New Engine Fuels from Vegetable Oils -- 3.5.1 Pyrolysis of Vegetable Oils and Fats -- 3.5.2 Cracking of Vegetable Oils -- 3.5.3 Pyrolysis Mechanisms of Vegetable Oils -- 3.6 Gasoline-rich Liquid from Sunflower Oil by Alumina Catalytic Pyrolysis -- 3.7 Diesel-like Fuel from Tallow (Beef) by Pyrolysis and Steam Reforming -- 3.8 Converting Triglyceride-derived Synthetic Gas to Fuels via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 3.9 Triglyceride Analyses -- 3.9.1 Viscosity -- 3.9.2 Density -- 3.9.3 Cetane Number -- 3.9.4 Cloud and Pour Points -- 3.9.5 Distillation Range -- 3.9.6 Heat of Combustion -- 3.9.7 Water Content -- 3.9.8 Discussion of Fuel Properties of Triglycerides -- CH$4 Biodiesel -- 4.1 Introduction to Biodiesel Concept -- 4.2 History -- 4.3 Definitions -- 4.4 Biodiesel as an Alternative to Diesel Engine Fuel -- 4.5 Sources of Biodiesel -- References -- CH$5 Biodiesel from Triglycerides via Transesterification -- 5.1 Biodiesel from Triglycerides via Transesterification -- 5.1.1 Catalytic Transesterification Methods -- 5.1.2 Supercritical Alcohol Transesterification -- 5.1.3 Biocatalytic Transesterification Methods -- 5.1.4 Recovery of Glycerine -- 5.1.5 General Reaction Mechanism of Transesterification -- 5.1.6 Esterification of Fatty Acids with Diazomethane -- 5.1.7 Non-catalytic Supercritical Alcohol Transesterification -- 5.1.8 Enzyme-catalyzed Processes -- References -- CH$6 Fuel Properties of Biodiesels -- 6.1 Viscosity, Density, and Flash Point -- 6.2 Cetane Number, Cloud Point, and Pour Point -- 6.3 Characteristics of Distillation Curves -- 6.4 Higher Combustion Efficiency of Biodiesel -- 6.5 Water Content -- 6.6 Comparison of Fuel Properties and Combustion Characteristics of Methyl and Ethyl Alcohols and Their Esters