Bioceramics

TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Pages CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1-1 Problems 1-6 Symbols and Definitions 1-7 References 1-9 CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURE OF CERAMICS 2.1. Atomic Bonding and Arrangement 2-1 2.2. Characterization of Microstructure 2-4 2.3. Quantitative Analysis of Microstructure 2-6 2.4 MICROSTRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF SINGLE-PHASE 2-8 Problems 2-27 Symbols and Definitions 2-29 References 2-32 CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF CERAMICS AND GLASSES 3.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 3-1 3.2. STRENGTHENING OF CERAMICS AND GLASSES 3-7 3.3. WEIBULL STATISTICS OF BRITTLE FAILURE 3-8 3.4. IMPACT STRENGTH, HARDNESS, FRICTION, AND WEAR PROPERTIES 3-10 3.5 THERMAL PROPERTIES (PHASE CHANGES) 3-12 3.5.1. Single-Component Systems: Allotropy 3-12 3.5.2. Composition and Phase Stability 3-14 3.5.3. Mechanism of Phase Changes 3-17 3.6. SURFACE PROPERTIES 3-20 Problems 3-61 Symbols and Definitions 3-63 References 3-66 CHAPTER 4 GLASS FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 4.1. GLASS FORMATION 4-1 4.2. NUCLEATION AND GLASS FORMATION 4-2 4.3. STRENGTH OF GLASSES 4-3 4.4. STATIC FATIGUE OF GLASSES 4-4 Problems 4-15 Symbols and Definitions 4-16 References 4-18 CHAPTER 5 HARD TISSUES STRUCTURE, PROPERTY, HEALING, REMODELING, AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY 5.1 STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS 5-1 5.1.1 Proteins 5-2 5.1.la. Collagen 5-2 5.1.lb. Elastin 5-3 5.1.2. Polysaccharides 5-4 5.2. STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP 5-3 5.2.l Composition and Structure 5-4 5.2.2 Mechanical Properties 5-6 5.2.3 Modeling of Mechanical Properties of Bone 5-7 5.3 Hard Tissue Healing and Remodeling Problems 5-10 5.3.1. Wound Healing Process of Hard Tissues 5-10 5.3.2 Bone Remodeling 5-11 5.4 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 5-13 Problems 5-45 Symbols and Definitions 5-46 References 5-48 CHAPTER 6 ALUMINUM OXIDES (ALUMINA) 6.1 Source, Composition and Structure 6-1 6.2 Mechanical Properties 6-2 6.3 Fatigue Properties and Service Life 6-4 6.4. Applications 6-6 6.4.1 Joint Replacements 6-6 6.4.2 Dental Implants 6-7 6.5 FURTHER THOUGHTS 6-8 Problems 6-29 Symbols and Definitions 6-32 References 6-34 CHAPTER 7 ZIRCONIUM OXIDES (ZIRCONIA) 7.1 Source and manufacturing of zirconia 7-1 7.2 structure and Properties of zirconia 7-1 7.3 long term stability and implant design 7-4 7.4 FURTHER THOUGHTS 7-8 Problems 7-43 Symbols and Definitions 7-43 References 7-45 CHAPTER 8 GLASS-CERAMICS 8.1 FORMATION OF GLASS-CERAMICS 8-1 8.2. PROPERTIES OF GLASS-CERAMICS 8-3 8.2.1. Mechanical Properties 8-3 8.2.2. Chemical Properties 8-3 8.3. COATINGS AND COMPOSITES 8-4 8.4. FURTHER THOUGHTS 8-4 Problems 8-16 Symbols and Definitions 8-17 References 8-18 CHAPTER 9 HYDROXYAPATITE 9.1 SOURCE, COMPOSITION AND STRCUTURE 9-1 9.2 PROPERTIES OF HYDROXYAPATITE 9-3 9.2.1. Mechanical Properties 9-3 9.2.2. Chemical Properties 9-5 9.3 APPLICATIONS 9-5 9.4. FURTHER THOUGHTS 9-7 Problems 9-25 Symbols and Definitions 9-26 References 9-28 CHAPTER 10 CARBONS AND DLC 10.1 SOURCE AND STRUCTURE OF CARBONS 10-1 10.2 PROPERTIES OF CARBONS 10-3 10.3 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON IMPLANTS 10-3 10.4 Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings 10-5 10.4.1 Composition and Structure of DLC Coatings 10-5 10.4.2 Methods of Producing DLC Coatings 10-6 10.4.2.a Ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) 10-6 10.4.2.b Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 10-6 10.4.2.c Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), Laser Ablation 10-7 10.4.3 Material and Mechanical Properties of DLC Coatings 10-7 10.4.4 Tribology of DLC Coatings 10-7 10.4.5. Biocompatibility of DLC Coatings 10-9 10.4.6 Conclusion and Future Developments 10-9 10.5 FURTHER THOUGHTS 10-10 Problems 10-30 Symbols and Definitions 10-31 References 10-33 CHAPTER 11 SULFATES, TITANATES 11.1 Source, Composition and Structure OF SUFATES 11-1 11.1.1 Calcium Sulfate 11-1 11.1.2 Barium Sulfate 11-3 11.2 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TITANATES 11-4 11.2.1 Barriumcium Titanate(BaTiO3) 11-4 11.2.2 Calcium Titanate 11-5 11.3 Applications 11-5 11.4 FURTHER THOUGHTS 11-9 Problems 11-30 Symbols and Definitions 11-31 References 11-33 CHAPTER 12 HARD TISSUE SUBSTITUES, OSTEOINTEGRATION 12.1 Calcium Phosphate (CaP) Compounds 12-1 12.2 Calcium Sulfate 12-3 12.3 Glass-Ceramics 12-4 12.4 Osseointegration 12-5 12.5 FURTHER THOUGHTS 12-6 Problems 12-19 Symbols and Definitions 12-20 References 12-23 CHAPTER 13 COMPOSITES, SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING 13.1 Fundamentals of Composite Theory 13-1 13.1.1 Structure of Composite 13-1 13.1.2 Mechanics of Composite 13-2 13.2 Applications of Composites 13-5 13.2.1 Orthopedic Implants 13-6 13.2.2 Dental Filling Composites and Cements 13-8 13.3 Composite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 13-10 13.4 Fabrication of Bone Scaffolds 13-12 13.5 Biocompatibility of Composite Biomaterials Problems 13-14 13.6 FURTHER THOUGHTS 13-14 Problems 13-47 Symbols and Definitions 13-50 References 13-52 Appendix