Preface XIII
List of Contributors XV
1 Structural Diversity in Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials 1
Yu Han, Yihan Zhu, and Daliang Zhang
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Electron Crystallography and Electron Tomography 8
1.2.1 Electron Crystallography 9
1.2.2 Electron Tomography 11
1.3 Diverse Structures of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas 12
1.3.1 2D Hexagonal Structures with Cylindrical Channels 13
1.3.2 3D Mesoporous Structures with Cage-Type Pores 13
1.3.3 Bi-Continuous Mesoporous Structures 17
1.3.4 Tri-Continuous Mesoporous Structure IBN-9 19
1.3.5 Low-Symmetry Mesoporous Structures 21
1.3.6 Transition and Intergrowth of Different Mesoporous Structures 24
1.4 Outlook 26
References 28
2 Hierarchically Nanostructured Biological Materials 35
Jong Seto, Ashit Rao, and Helmut Colfen
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 ''Bottom-Up'' Design Scheme 36
2.3 Organic-Inorganic Interfaces 38
2.4 Engineering Principles in Biological Materials 40
2.4.1 Anisotropy 40
2.4.2 Effects of Scaling 41
2.4.3 Organizing Defects and Damage in Biological Materials 43
2.4.4 Mesocrystalline Schemes in Short- to Long-Range Organization 43
2.4.5 Hierarchical Structuring and Its Properties 45
2.5 Model Hierarchical Biological Systems and Materials 47
2.5.1 Nacre 47
2.5.2 Wood 48
2.5.3 Bone 50
2.5.4 Diatoms 52
2.5.5 Butterfly Wings 53
2.5.6 Glass Sponge 55
2.5.7 Adult Sea Urchin Spine 56
2.5.8 Red Coral 57
2.6 Conclusions and Outlook 59
Acknowledgments 59
References 60
3 Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Preparation of Micro- and Nanostructured Materials 71
Marco Furlan and Marco Lattuada
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Preparation of Superparamagnetic Nanocolloids 73
3.2.1 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanocrystals 73
3.2.2 Synthesis of Polymer-Magnetic Nanocomposite Particles and Magnetic Nanoclusters 77
3.2.3 Summary 82
3.3 Magnetic Gels 82
3.3.1 Summary 90
3.4 Self-Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles, Nanoclusters, and Magnetic-Polymer Nanocomposites 90
3.4.1 Assembly in 1-D Structures 90
3.4.2 Assembly in Higher Dimensional Structures 97
3.4.3 Summary 102
3.5 Magnetic Colloidal Crystals 102
3.5.1 Summary 106
3.6 Concluding Remarks 106
Acknowledgment 107
References 107
4 Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures 119
Juanjuan Qi, Lidong Li, and Lin Guo
4.1 Introduction 119
4.2 Synthetic Methods for 1-D Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures 120
4.2.1 Template-Directed Approach 121
4.2.2 Template-Free Methods 134
4.2.3 Electrospinning Technique 135
4.3 Synthetic Methods for 3-D or Nonspherical Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures 139
4.3.1 Hard Template Strategy 139
4.3.2 Sacrificial Template Strategy 141
4.3.3 Soft Template Strategy 143
4.3.4 Template-Free Strategy 144
4.4 Potential Applications of Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures 147
4.4.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 148
4.4.2 Magnetic Properties 152
4.4.3 Sensors 154
4.4.4 Catalytic Properties 156
4.5 Conclusions and Outlook 160
Acknowledgments 162
References 162
5 Polymer Vesicles 177
Jianzhong Du
5.1 Introduction 177
5.2 Vesicle Formation 178
5.3 Smart Polymer Vesicles 179
5.3.1 pH-Responsive Vesicles 180
5.3.2 Thermoresponsive Vesicles 180
5.3.3 Voltage-Responsive Polymer Vesicles 183
5.3.4 Sugar-Responsive Vesicles 184
5.3.5 Photoresponsive Vesicles 185
5.4 Applications 186
5.5 Summary and Outlook 188
Acknowledgments 189
References 189
6 Helical Nanoarchitecture 193
Meng-Qiang Zhao, Qiang Zhang, and Fei Wei
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 Fabrication of Organic Helical Nanostructures 194
6.2.1 Helical Micelles from Staggered Stacking 194
6.2.2 Helical Micelle-Like Copolymers 197
6.2.3 Helical Organic Nanostructures by Postsynthetic Processes 198
6.3 Fabrication of Inorganic Helical Nanostructures 199
6.3.1 Templated Methods 199
6.3.2 Solution-Based Reactions 205
6.3.3 Catalytic Deposition 209
6.3.4 Postsynthetic Methods 216
6.4 Properties of Helical Nanostructures 220
6.4.1 Mechanical Properties 220
6.4.2 Electromagnetic Properties 220
6.4.3 Optical Properties 221
Summary 222
References 223
7 Hierarchical Layered Double Hydroxide Materials 231
Jingbin Han, Min Wei, David G. Evans, and Xue Duan
7.1 Introduction 231
7.2 Preparation of Hierarchical LDHs 232
7.2.1 LDH-Based Belt/Rod-Like Structures 233
7.2.2 LDH-Based Nano/Microspheres 234
7.2.3 LDH-Based Core-Shell Structures 238
7.2.4 LDHs as Substrate to the Growth of Hierarchical Structures 243
7.3 Properties of Hierarchical LDHs 247
7.3.1 Hierarchical LDHs as Absorbents 247
7.3.2 Hierarchical LDHs as Catalysts and Supports 250
7.3.3 Hierarchical LDHs as Electrochemical Energy-Storage Materials 253
7.3.4 Hierarchical LDHs as Drug-Delivery System 258
7.4 Summary and Outlook 260
Acknowledgments 261
References 261
8 Hierarchically Nanostructured Porous Boron Nitride 267
Philippe Miele, Mikhael Bechelany, and Samuel Bernard
8.1 Introduction 267
8.2 Synthesis of Mesoporous Boron Nitride 268
8.2.1 Exo-Templating Synthesis 269
8.2.2 Endo-Templating Approach 275
8.2.3 Direct Synthesis 276
8.3 Synthesis of Microporous Boron Nitride 277
8.4 Synthesis of Boron Nitride with Hierarchical Porosity 278
8.4.1 Synthesis of Hierarchical Micro- and Meso-porous Boron Nitride 278
8.4.2 Synthesis of Hierarchical Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-porous Boron Nitride 281
8.5 BN Nanosheets (BNNSs) 284
8.6 Conclusion 285
References 287
9 Macroscopic Graphene Structures: Preparation, Properties, and Applications 291
Zhiqiang Niu, Lili Liu, Yueyue Jiang, and Xiaodong Chen
9.1 Introduction 291
9.2 Preparation of Graphene 292
9.3 The Preparation and Properties of Graphene Macroscopic Structures 294
9.3.1 Vacuum Filtering 294
9.3.2 Template-Assisted Growth 297
9.3.3 Chemical Self-Assembly Method 301
9.3.4 Electrophoretic Method 307
9.3.5 Layer-by-Layer Method 309
9.3.6 Other Methods 313
9.4 Applications of Graphene Macroscopic Structures 316
9.4.1 Energy Storage 316
9.4.2 Selective Absorption 329
9.4.3 Photocatalytic Activities 331
9.4.4 Electrochemical Sensing 332
9.4.5 Actuator 333
9.4.6 Bio-Applications 334
9.5 Conclusions and Outlook 334
References 335
10 Hydrothermal Nanocarbons 351
Maria-Magdalena Titirici
10.1 Introduction 351
10.2 Templating -An Opportunity for Pore Morphology Control 352
10.2.1 Hard Templating in HTC 354
10.2.2 Soft Templating HTC 357
10.2.3 Naturally Inspired Systems: The Use of Natural Templates 363
10.3 Carbon Aerogels 365
10.3.1 Ovalbumin/Glucose-Derived HTC Carbogels 367
10.3.2 Borax-Mediated Formation of HTC Carbogels from Glucose 371
10.3.3 Carbogels from the Hydrothermal Treatment of Sugar and Phenolic Compounds 377
10.3.4 Emulsion-Templated ''Carbo-HIPEs'' from the Hydrothermal Treatment of Sugar Derivatives and Phenolic Compounds 380
10.4 Hydrothermal Carbon Nanocomposites 384
10.4.1 Coating HTC onto Preformed Nanostructures 384
10.4.2 Post-Synthetic Decoration of HTC with Inorganic Nanostructures 386
10.4.3 One-Step HTC Synthetic Method 387
10.4.4 HTC as Sacrificial Templates for Inorganic Porous Materials 391
10.5 Hydrothermal Carbon Quantum Dots 394
10.6 Summary and Outlook 398
References 400
11 Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Storage 407
Hiesang Sohn, Mikhail L. Gordin, and Donghai Wang
11.1 Introduction 407
11.2 Types of Porous Structures 408
11.2.1 Pore Size 408
11.2.2 Zero-Dimensional Porous Structures 409
11.2.3 One-Dimensional Porous Structures 410
11.2.4 Two-Dimensional Porous Structures 410
11.2.5 Three-Dimensional Porous Structures 410
11.3 Synthesis of Porous Structures 411
11.3.1 Hard Templating 411
11.3.2 Soft Templating 415
11.3.3 Non-Templating Methods 417
11.3.4 Generating the Composite 421
11.4 Applications of Hierarchically Porous Carbon Composites 422
11.4.1 Lithium Batteries 422
11.4.2 Supercapacitors 431
11.5 Summary and Conclusions 435
References 436
12 Hierarchical Design of Porous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors 443
Da-Wei Wang
12.1 Introduction 443
12.2 Capacitance: Electrostatic Storage 445
12.2.1 Pore Wall Structure 445
12.2.2 Pore Size 448
12.3 Ion Accessibility: Porosity and Surface Wettability 450
12.3.1 Porosity 450
12.3.2 Wettability 456
12.4 Conclusion 456
References 457
13 Nanoscale Functional Polymer Coatings for Biointerface Engineering 461
Hsien-Yeh Chen, Chiao-Tzu Su, and Meng-Yu Tsai
13.1 Introduction 461
13.2 Synthesis of Precursors -Substituted-[2.2]paracyclophanes 462
13.3 Synthesis of Functionalized Poly-p-Xylylenes via CVD Polymerization 464
13.4 Surface Bioconjugate Chemistry by Using Functionalized Poly-p-Xylylenes 466
13.4.1 Poly[(4-Formyl-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 466
13.4.2 Poly[(4-Ethynyl-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 468
13.4.3 Poly[(4-Aminomethyl-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 469
13.4.4 Poly[(4-Benzoyl-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 469
13.4.5 Poly[(4-N-Maleimidomethyl-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 469
13.4.6 Poly[(Carboxylic Acid Pentafluorophenol Ester-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 470
13.4.7 Poly[(4-Hydroxymethyl-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 470
13.4.8 Poly[(4-Vinyl-p-Xylylene)-co-(p-Xylylene)] 470
13.5 Multifunctional and Gradient Poly-p-Xylylenes 471
13.6 Outlook 475
References 476
Index 479
