Preface xv
1 Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat 1
Kok-Keong Chong
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Principle of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 3
1.3 Residual Aberration 10
1.4 Optimization of Flux Distribution Pattern for Wide Range of Incident Angle 29
1.5 First Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 35
1.6 Second Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 52
1.7 Conclusion 64
2 State-of-the-Art of Nanostructures in Solar Energy Research 69
Suresh Sagadevan
2.1 Introduction 70
2.2 Motivations for Solar Energy 71
2.3 Nanostructures and Different Synthesis Techniques 77
2.4 Nanomaterials for Solar Cells Applications 81
2.5 Advanced Nanostructures for Technological Applications 87
2.6 Theory and Future Trends in Solar Cells 92
2.7 Conclusion 97
3 Metal Oxide Semiconductors and Their Nanocomposites Application towards Photovoltaic and Photocatalytic 105
Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Hyung-Kee Seo and Hyung Shik Shin
3.1 Introduction 106
3.2 Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Applications 108
3.3 TiO2 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices 109
3.4 ZnO Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices 121
3.5 Fabrication of DSSCs with Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorods (NRs) and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Based Photoanode 135
3.6 ZnO Nanocomposite for the Heterostructures Devices 139
3.7 Fabrication of Heterostructure Device with Doped ZnO Nanocomposite 141
3.8 Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Application 144
3.9 Conclusions 157
3.10 Future Directions 158
4 Superionic Solids in Energy Device Applications 167
Angesh Chandra and Archana Chandra
4.1 Introduction 167
4.2 Classifi cation of Superionic Solids 170
4.3 Ion Conduction in Superionic Solids 171
4.4 Important Models 173
4.5 Applications 199
4.6 Conclusion 203
5 Polymer Nanocomposites: New Advanced Dielectric Materials for Energy Storage Applications 207
Vijay Kumar Thakur and Michael R. Kessler
5.1 Introduction 208
5.2 Dielectric Mechanism 209
5.3 Dielectric Materials 213
5.4 Demand for New Materials: Polymer Composites 214
5.5 Polymer Nanocomposites: Concept and Electrical Properties 216
5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 245
6 Solid Electrolytes: Principles and Applications 259
S.W. Anwane
6.1 Introduction 260
6.2 Ionic Solids 262
6.3 Classifi cation of Solid Electrolytes 265
6.4 Criteria for High Ionic Conductivity and Mobility 266
6.5 Electrical Characterization of Solid Electrolyte 267
6.6 Ionic Conductivity and Temperature 271
6.7 Concentration-Dependent Conductivity 274
6.8 Ionic Conductivity in Composite SE 275
6.9 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical System 278
6.10 Applications 280
6.11 SO2 Sensor Kinetics and Thermodynamics 286
6.12 Conclusion 291
7 Advanced Electronics: Looking beyond Silicon 295
Surender Duhan and Vijay Tomer
7.1 Introduction 296
7.2 Limitations of Silicon-Based Technology 299
7.3 Need for Carbon-Based Electronics Technology 300
7.4 Carbon Family 303
7.5 Electronic Structure of Graphene and CNT 309
7.6 Synthesis of CNTs 311
7.7 Carbon Nanotube Devices 313
7.8 Advantages of CNT-Based Devices 317
7.9 Issues with Carbon-Based Electronics 319
7.10 Conclusion 322
8 Ab-Initio Determination of Pressure-Dependent Electronic and Optical Properties of Lead Sulfi de for Energy Applications 327
Pooja B and G. Sharma
8.1 Introduction 327
8.2 Computational Details 328
8.3 Results and Discussion 329
8.4 Conclusions 340
9 Radiation Damage in GaN-Based Materials and Devices 345
S.J. Pearton, Richard Deist, Alexander Y. Polyakov, Fan Ren, Lu Liu and Jihyun Kim
9.1 Introduction 346
9.2 Fundamental Studies of Radiation Defects in GaN and Related Materials 347
9.3 Radiation Effects in Other III-Nitrides 366
9.4 Radiation Effects in GaN Schottky Diodes, in AlGaN/GaN and GaN/InGaN Heterojunctions and Quantum Wells 370
9.5 Radiation Effects in GaN-Based Devices 374
9.6 Prospects of Radiation Technology for GaN 376
9.7 Summary and Conclusions 379
10 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals: Smart Materials for Future Displays 389
Manoj Bhushan Pandey, Roman Dabrowski and Ravindra Dhar
10.1 Introduction 390
10.2 Theories of Antiferroelectricity in Liquid Crystals 398
10.3 Molecular Structure Design/Synthesis of AFLC Materials 402
10.4 Macroscopic Characterization and Physical Properties of AFLCs 404
10.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 425
11 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications 433
Tungabidya Maharana, Alekha Kumar Sutar, Nibedita Nath, Anita Routaray, Yuvraj Singh Negi and Bikash Mohanty
11.1 Introduction 434
11.2 PEEK Overview 442
11.3 PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane 446
11.4 Modifi ed PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane 452
11.5 Evaluation of Cell Performance 459
11.6 Market Size 459
11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 460
12 Vanadate Phosphors for Energy Effi cient Lighting 465
K. N. Shinde and Roshani Singh
12.1 Introduction 465
12.2 Some Well-Known Vanadate Phosphors 466
12.3 Our Approach 469
12.4 Experimental Details 469
12.5 Results and Discussion of M3-3x/2(VO4)2:xEu (0.01 ? x ? 0.09 for M = Ca and 0 ? x ? 0.3 for M = Sr,Ba) Phosphors 470
12.6 Effect of Annealing Temperature on M3-3x/2(VO4)2:xEu (x = 0.05 for M = Ca, x = 0.1 for M = Sr and x = 0.3 for M = Ba) Phosphors 484
12.7 Conclusions 494
13 Molecular Computation on Functionalized Solid Substrates 499
Prakash Chandra Mondal
13.1 Introduction 500
13.2 Molecular Logic Gate on 3D Substrates 504
13.3 Molecular Logic Gates and Circuits on 2D Substrates 507
13.4 Combinatorial and Sequential Logic Gates and Circuits using Os-polypyridyl Complex on SiO× Substrates 514
13.5 Multiple Redox States and Logic Devices 520
13.6 Concluding Remarks 523
14 Ionic Liquid Stabilized Metal NPs and Their Role as Potent Catalyst 529
Kamlesh Kumari, Prashant Singh and Gopal K.Mehrotra
14.1 Introduction 530
14.2 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 531
14.3 Shape of Particles 532
14.4 Aggregation of Particles 533
14.5 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 533
14.6 Stability against Oxidation 534
14.7 Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquid 535
14.8 Applications of Metal NPs as Potent Catalyst in Organic Synthesis 540
14.9 Conclusion 544
15 There's Plenty of Room in the Field of Zeolite-Y Enslaved Nanohybrid Materials as Eco-Friendly Catalysts: Selected Catalytic Reactions 555
C.K. Modi and Parthiv M. Trivedi
15.1 Introduction 556
15.2 Types of Zeolites 557
15.3 Methodology 559
15.4 Characterization Techniques 561
15.5 Exploration of Zeolite-Y Enslaved Nanohybrid Materials 562
15.6 Conclusions 576
References 579
Index 585
