List of contributors1 Introduction
Peter G. Miller, John Strang and Peter M. Miller
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Where to start?
1.3 Does theory matter?
1.4 The literature review
1.5 Which method suits my question ??? is a screwdriver better than a saw?
1.6 Focus and structure of the book
1.7 Terminology
1.8 The need for a wider perspective and more careful selection of study design
Section I: Research Fundamentals
2 Reliability and validity
Gerhard B??hringer and Monika Sassen
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background: Reliability and validity in addiction research
2.3 Reliability and validity in addiction research
2.4 Strengthening the quality of your results and conclusions: A brief checklist to improve reliability and validity
2.5 Summary
3 Sampling strategies for addiction research
Lisa Kakinami and Kenneth R. Conner
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Probability sampling
3.3 Non-probability sampling
3.4 Qualitative sampling
3.5 Selecting your sampling approach
3.6 Technical considerations
3.7 Conclusion
4 Experimental design issues in addiction research
Robert West
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What constitutes an experiment?
4.3 Is an experiment appropriate?
4.4 What kind of experimental design
4.5 What intervention and comparison conditions?
4.6 What target population and recruitment strategy?
4.7 What sample size?
4.8 What outcome measures?
4.9 What statistical analyses?
4.10 Conclusions
5 Qualitative methods and theory in addictions research
Tim Rhodes and Ross Coomber
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theory
5.3 A recurring debate
5.4 Principles for practice
5.5 Data generation
5.6 Analysis
5.7 Conclusions
6 Ethical issues in alcohol, other drugs and addiction-related research
Peter G. Miller, Adrian Carter and Wayne Hall
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Key concepts
6.3 Major ethical frameworks
6.4 Addiction-specific ethical issues
6.5 Writing an ethics application
6.6 Ethical processes in different countries
6.7 Influence of funding body
6.8 Ethical dissemination
6.9 Conclusion
Section II: Basic Toolbox
7 Surveys and questionnaire design
Lorraine T. Midanik and Krista Drescher-Burke
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Brief history
7.3 Survey research designs
7.4 Advantages and limitations of survey research designs
7.5 Modes of data collection
7.6 Questionnaire design
7.7 Piloting the questionnaire
7.8 Technological assistance
7.9 Common challenges
8 Interviews
Barbara S. McCrady, Benjamin Ladd, Leah Vermont and Julie Steele
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Why interviews?
8.3 Reliability and validity of self-reported information
8.4 Interviewing skills
8.5 Types of interviews
8.6 Types of interview data
8.7 Technological resources
8.8 Summary
9 Scales for research in the addictions
Shane Darke
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Screening instruments
9.3 Frequency of substance use
9.4 Multi-dimensional scales
9.5 Dependence
9.6 Psychopathology
9.7 Summary
10 Biomarkers of alcohol and other drug use
Scott H. Stewart, Anton Goldmann, Tim Neumann and Claudia Spies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Uses of state biomarkers in research
10.3 General principles when considering biomarkers
10.4 Summary
11 Quantitative data analysis
Jim Lemon, Louisa Degenhardt, Tim Slade and Katherine Mills
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Imagining data ??? planning the study
11.3 Collecting data ??? gathering the measurements
11.4 Organising data ??? structuring the measurements
11.5 Describing data ??? what do the data look like?
11.6 Manipulating data
11.7 Relationships within the data
11.8 Interpreting relationships within the data
11.9 Conclusion and exercises
Section III: Real World Research Methods
12 Applied research methods
David Best and Ed Day
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Auditing clinical activity in the city
12.3 Needs assessment
12.4 Qualitative research approaches
12.5 Evaluation research
12.6 The audit cycle
12.7 Measuring outcomes in applied settings
12.8 Overview and conclusions
13 Conducting clinical research
Jalie A. Tucker and Cathy A. Simpson
13.1 Conducting clinical research
13.2 Discussion and conclusions: The role of the practitioner-researcher
Section IV: Biological Methods
14 Psychopharmacology
Jason White and Nick Lintzeris
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Psychopharmacology: drugs, behaviour, physiology and the brain
14.3 Measuring drug effects
14.4 Human drug self-administration
14.5 Drug withdrawal and craving
14.6 Summary
15 Imaging
Alastair Reid and David Nutt
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Introduction to neuroimaging
15.3 Imaging techniques 235
15.4 Image analysis 241
15.5 Some considerations when setting up an imaging study
16 Genes, genetics, genomics and epigenetics
David Ball and Irene Guerrini
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Animal studies
16.3 Quantitative genetics
16.4 Molecular genetics
16.5 Why bother? 263
16.6 An addiction gene
16.7 Ethics
16.8 Concluding remarks
17 Animal models
Leigh V. Panlilio, Charles W. Schindler and Steven R. Goldberg
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Basic principles of behaviour: Reinforcement
17.3 Basic principles of behaviour: Effects of environmental cues
17.4 Drug self-administration: Simple schedules
17.5 Drug self-administration: Using dose???effect curves to assess the effects of treatments
17.6 Drug self-administration: Measuring the reinforcing effects of drugs
17.7 Drug self-administration: Modelling the effects of environmental cues with second-order schedules
17.8 Drug self-administration: Reinstatement
17.9 Drug self-administration: Modelling the uncontrolled and compulsive nature of addiction
17.10 Intracranial drug self-administration and intracranial electrical self-stimulation
17.11 Drug self-administration: Advantages and disadvantages
17.12 Conditioned place preference
17.13 Drug discrimination
17.14 Locomotor activity
17.15 Adjunct procedures
17.16 Integration of behavioural and neuroscience techniques
Section V: Specialist Methods
18 Understanding contexts: Methods and analysis in ethnographic research on drugs
Jeremy Northcote and David Moore
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Tracing the history of ethnographic drug research
18.3 Designing ethnographic research
18.4 Getting started
18.5 Collecting data
18.6 Analysing ethnographic data
18.7 Producing ethnographic texts
18.8 Conclusion
19 Epidemiology
Mark Stoov?? and Paul Dietze
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Origins of epidemiology
19.3 Definitions and uses of epidemiology in alcohol and other drug research
19.4 Descriptive epidemiology
19.5 Epidemiological research designs
19.6 Analysis of case-control and cohort studies
19.7 Experimental study designs
19.8 Potential sources of error in epidemiology
19.9 Summary
20 Meta-analysis: Summarising findings on addiction intervention effects
John W. Finney and Anne Moyer
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Overview of meta-analytic methods
20.3 Issues in meta-analyses of addiction interventions
20.4 Limitations
20.5 Conclusion
21 Drug trend monitoring
Paul Griffiths and Jane Mounteney
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Point of departure ??? divergent policy perspectives, difficulties in definition and temporal relevance
21.3 International, national and local drug monitoring mechanisms
21.4 Challenges in monitoring illicit drug use
21.5 An overview of common information sources and some of their limitations
21.6 Issues for the interpretation and analysis of data
21.7 Mixed methods
21.8 Triangulation
21.9 Reliability and validity
21.10 Reflections in a broken mirror: Pragmatic and imperfect solutions to an intractable problem
22 Drug policy research
Jonathan P. Caulkins and Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methods for quantitatively comparing an intervention???s benefits and costs
22.3 Issues that arise in quantifying an intervention???s benefits and costs
22.4 Methods for estimating an intervention???s effects
22.5 Modelling methods
22.6 Summary
Section VI: Beyond Research
23 Concluding remarks
Peter G. Miller, John Strang and Peter M. Miller
23.1 Publishing addiction science
23.2 Final thoughts
Index
