The Editors xvii
About the Contributors xxi
Foreword xxxiii
Preface xxxv
Acknowledgements xli
Part I 5G Security Overview 1
1 Evolution of Cellular Systems 3
Shahriar Shahabuddin, Sadiqur Rahaman, Faisal Rehman, Ijaz Ahmad, and Zaheer Khan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Early Development 4
1.3 First Generation Cellular Systems 6
1.3.1 Advanced Mobile Phone Service 7
1.3.2 Security in 1G 7
1.4 Second Generation Cellular Systems 8
1.4.1 Global System for Mobile Communications 8
1.4.2 GSM Network Architecture 9
1.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access 10
1.4.4 Security in 2G 10
1.4.5 Security in GSM 11
1.4.5.1 IMSI 11
1.4.5.2 Ki 12
1.4.5.3 A3 Algorithm 12
1.4.5.4 A8 Algorithm 13
1.4.5.5 COMP128 14
1.4.5.6 A5 Algorithm 14
1.4.6 Security in IS?]95 14
1.5 Third Generation Cellular Systems 15
1.5.1 CDMA 2000 15
1.5.2 UMTS WCDMA 15
1.5.3 UMTS Network Architecture 16
1.5.4 HSPA 17
1.5.5 Security in 3G 17
1.5.6 Security in CDMA2000 17
1.5.7 Security in UMTS 18
1.6 Cellular Systems beyond 3G 20
1.6.1 HSPA+ 20
1.6.2 Mobile WiMAX 20
1.6.3 LTE 21
1.6.3.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 21
1.6.3.2 SC?]FDE and SC?]FDMA 21
1.6.3.3 Multi?]antenna Technique 21
1.6.4 LTE Network Architecture 21
1.7 Fourth Generation Cellular Systems 22
1.7.1 Key Technologies of 4G 23
1.7.1.1 Enhanced MINO 23
1.7.1.2 Cooperative Multipoint Transmission and Reception for LTE?]Advanced 23
1.7.1.3 Spectrum and Bandwidth Management 24
1.7.1.4 Carrier Aggregation 24
1.7.1.5 Relays 24
1.7.2 Network Architecture 24
1.7.3 Beyond 3G and 4G Cellular Systems Security 25
1.7.4 LTE Security Model 26
1.7.5 Security in WiMAX 26
1.8 Conclusion 27
References 28
2 5G Mobile Networks: Requirements, Enabling Technologies, and Research Activities 31
Van?]Giang Nguyen, Anna Brunstrom, Karl?]Johan Grinnemo, and Javid Taheri
2.1 Introduction 31
2.1.1 What is 5G? 31
2.1.1.1 From a System Architecture Perspective 32
2.1.1.2 From the Spectrum Perspective 32
2.1.1.3 From a User and Customer Perspective 32
2.1.2 Typical Use Cases 32
2.2 5G Requirements 33
2.2.1 High Data Rate and Ultra Low Latency 34
2.2.2 Massive Connectivity and Seamless Mobility 35
2.2.3 Reliability and High Availability 35
2.2.4 Flexibility and Programmability 36
2.2.5 Energy, Cost and Spectrum Efficiency 36
2.2.6 Security and Privacy 36
2.3 5G Enabling Technologies 37
2.3.1 5G Radio Access Network 38
2.3.1.1 mmWave Communication 38
2.3.1.2 Massive MIMO 38
2.3.1.3 Ultra?]Dense Small Cells 39
2.3.1.4 M2M and D2D Communications 40
2.3.1.5 Cloud?]based Radio Access Network 42
2.3.1.6 Mobile Edge and Fog Computing 42
2.3.2 5G Mobile Core Network 44
2.3.2.1 Software Defined Networking 44
2.3.2.2 Network Function Virtualization 44
2.3.2.3 Cloud Computing 46
2.3.3 G End?]to?]End System 46
2.3.3.1 Network Slicing 46
2.3.3.2 Management and Orchestration 47
2.4 5G Standardization Activities 48
2.4.1 ITU Activities 48
2.4.1.1 ITU?]R 49
2.4.1.2 ITU?]T 49
2.4.2 3GPP Activities 49
2.4.2.1 Pre?]5G Phase 49
2.4.2.2 5G Phase I 50
2.4.2.3 5G Phase II 50
2.4.3 ETSI Activities 50
2.4.4 IEEE Activities 51
2.4.5 IETF Activities 52
2.5 5G Research Communities 52
2.5.1 European 5G Related Activities 52
2.5.1.1 5G Research in EU FP7 52
2.5.1.2 5G Research in EU H2020 52
2.5.1.3 5G Research in Celtic?]Plus 53
2.5.2 Asian 5G Related Activities 53
2.5.2.1 South Korea: 5G Forum 53
2.5.2.2 Japan: 5GMF Forum 54
2.5.2.3 China: IMT?]2020 5G Promotion Group 54
2.5.3 American 5G Related Activities 54
2.6 Conclusion 55
2.7 Acknowledgement 55
References 55
3 Mobile Networks Security Landscape 59
Ahmed Bux Abro
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Mobile Networks Security Landscape 59
3.2.1 Security Threats and Protection for 1G 61
3.2.2 Security Threats and Protection for 2G 61
3.2.3 Security Threats and Protection for 3G 63
3.2.4 Security Threats and Protection for 4G 63
3.2.4.1 LTE UE (User Equipment) Domain Security 64
3.2.4.2 LTE (Remote Access Network) Domain Security 65
3.2.4.3 LTE Core Network Domain Security 65
3.2.4.4 Security Threat Analysis for 4G 65
3.2.5 Security Threats and Protection for 5G 66
3.2.5.1 Next Generation Threat Landscape for 5G 68
3.2.5.2 IoT Threat Landscape 68
3.2.5.3 5G Evolved Security Model 68
3.2.5.4 5G Security Threat Analysis 69
3.3 Mobile Security Lifecycle Functions 70
3.3.1 Secure Device Management 71
3.3.2 Mobile OS and App Patch Management 71
3.3.3 Security Threat Analysis and Assessment 71
3.3.4 Security Monitoring 72
3.4 Conclusion 73
References 73
4 Design Principles for 5G Security 75
Ijaz Ahmad, Madhusanka Liyanage, Shahriar Shahabuddin, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Overviews of Security Recommendations and Challenges 76
4.2.1 Security Recommendations by ITU?]T 77
4.2.2 Security Threats and Recommendations by NGMN 78
4.2.3 Other Security Challenges 79
4.2.3.1 Security Challenges in the Access Network 79
4.2.3.2 DoS Attacks 79
4.2.3.3 Security Challenges in the Control Layer or Core Network 80
4.3 Novel Technologies for 5G Security 81
4.3.1 5G Security Leveraging NFV 82
4.3.2 Network Security Leveraging SDN 83
4.3.3 Security Challenges in SDN 84
4.3.3.1 Application Layer 84
4.3.3.2 Controller Layer 85
4.3.3.3 Infrastructure Layer 86
4.3.4 Security Solutions for SDN 86
4.3.4.1 Application Plane Security 86
4.3.4.2 Control Plane Security 87
4.3.4.3 Data Plane Security Solutions 87
4.4 Security in SDN?]based Mobile Networks 88
4.4.1 Data Link Security 88
4.4.2 Control Channels Security 89
4.4.3 Traffic Monitoring 91
4.4.4 Access Control 91
4.4.5 Network Resilience 91
4.4.6 Security Systems and Firewalls 92
4.4.7 Network Security Automation 92
4.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 94
4.6 Acknowledgement 95
References 95
5 Cyber Security Business Models in 5G 99
Julius Francis Gomes, Marika Iivari, Petri Ahokangas, Lauri Isotalo, Bengt Sahlin, and Jan Melen
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 The Context of Cyber Security Businesses 100
5.2.1 Types of Cyber Threat 101
5.2.2 The Cost of Cyber?]Attacks 102
5.3 The Business Model Approach 103
5.3.1 The 4C Typology of the ICT Business Model 104
5.3.2 Business Models in the Context of Cyber Preparedness 105
5.4 The Business Case of Cyber Security in the Era of 5G 106
5.4.1 The Users and Issues of Cyber Security in 5G 108
5.4.2 Scenarios for 5G Security Provisioning 109
5.4.3 Delivering Cyber Security in 5G 110
5.5 Business Model Options in 5G Cyber Security 112
5.6 Acknowledgment 114
References 114
Part II 5G Network Security 117
6 Physical Layer Security 119
Simone Soderi, Lorenzo Mucchi, Matti Hamalainen, Alessandro Piva, and Jari Iinatti
6.1 Introduction 119
6.1.1 Physical Layer Security in 5G Networks 120
6.1.2 Related Work 121
6.1.3 Motivation 121
6.2 WBPLSec System Model 123
6.2.1 Transmitter 124
6.2.2 Jamming Receiver 126
6.2.3 Secrecy Metrics 126
6.2.4 Secrecy Capacity of WBPLSec 128
6.2.5 Secrecy Capacity of iJAM 129
6.3 Outage Probability of Secrecy Capacity of a Jamming Receiver 131
6.3.1 Simulation Scenario for Secrecy Capacity 134
6.4 WBPLSec Applied to 5G networks 136
6.5 Conclusions 138
References 139
7 5G?]WLAN Security 143
Satish Anamalamudi, Abdur Rashid Sangi, Mohammed Alkatheiri, Fahad T. Bin Muhaya, and Chang Liu
7.1 Chapter
Overview 143
7.2 Introduction to WiFi?]5G Networks Interoperability 143
7.2.1 WiFi (Wireless Local Area Network) 143
7.2.2 Interoperability of WiFi with 5G Networks 144
7.2.3 WiFi Security 144
7.3 Overview of Network Architecture for WiFi?]5G Networks Interoperability 146
7.3.1 MAC Layer 147
7.3.2 Network Layer 147
7.3.3 Transport Layer 148
7.3.4 Application Layer 149
7.4 5G?]WiFi Security Challenges 150
7.4.1 Security Challenges with Respect to a Large Number of Device Connectivity 151
7.4.2 Security Challenges in 5G Networks and WiFi 151
7.5 Security Consideration for Architectural Design of WiFi?]5G Networks 156
7.5.1 User and Device Identity Confidentiality 156
7.5.2 Integrity 156
7.5.3 Mutual Authentication and Key Management 157
7.6 LiFi Networks 158
7.7 Introduction to LiFi?]5G Networks Interoperability 159
7.8 5G?]LiFi Security Challenges 160
7.8.1 Security Challenges with Respect to a Large Number of Device Connectivity 160
7.8.2 Security Challenges in 5G Networks and LiFi 160
7.9 Security Consideration for Architectural Design of LiFi?]5G Networks 160
7.10 Conclusion and Future Work 161
References 161
8 Safety of 5G Network Physical Infrastructures 165
Rui Travanca and João Andre
8.1 Introduction 165
8.2 Historical Development 168
8.2.1 Typology 168
8.2.2 Codes 170
8.2.3 Outlook 170
8.3 Structural Design Philosophy 171
8.3.1 Basis 171
8.3.2 Actions 174
8.3.3 Structural Analysis 179
8.3.4 Steel Design Verifications 180
8.3.4.1 Ultimate Limit States 180
8.3.4.2 Serviceability Limit States 181
8.4 Survey of Problems 181
8.4.1 General 181
8.4.2 Design Failures 182
8.4.3 Maintenance Failures 183
8.4.4 Vandalism or Terrorism Failures 186
8.5 Opportunities and Recommendations 188
8.6 Acknowledgement 190
References 191
9 Customer Edge Switching: A Security Framework for 5G 195
Hammad Kabir, Raimo Kantola, and Jesus Llorente Santos
9.1 Introduction 195
9.2 State?]of?]the?]art in Mobile Networks Security 197
9.2.1 Mobile Network Challenges and Principles of Security Framework 200
9.2.2 Trust Domains and Trust Processing 202
9.3 CES Security Framework 203
9.3.1 DNS to Initiate Communication 205
9.3.2 CETP Policy?]based Communication 206
9.3.3 Policy Architecture 208
9.3.4 CES Security Mechanisms 209
9.3.5 Realm Gateway 210
9.3.6 RGW Security Mechanisms 211
9.3.6.1 Name Server Classification and Allocation Model 212
9.3.6.2 Preventing DNS Abuse 212
9.3.6.3 Bot?]Detection Algorithm 213
9.3.6.4 TCP?]Splice 213
9.4 Evaluation of CES Security 213
9.4.1 Evaluating the CETP Policy?]based Communication 214
9.4.1.1 Security Testing 216
9.4.1.2 Outcomes of the Security Testing 216
9.4.2 Evaluation of RGW Security 217
9.5 Deployment in 5G Networks 222
9.5.1 Use Case 1: Mobile Broadband 224
9.5.1.1 Deployment and Operations 224
9.5.1.2 Security Benefits 224
9.5.1.3 Scalability 225
9.5.1.4 Reliability 225
9.5.2 Use Case 2: Corporate Gateway 225
9.5.2.1 Deployment and Operations 225
9.5.2.2 Security Benefits 226
9.5.2.3 Scalability 226
9.5.2.4 Reliability 226
9.5.3 Use Case 3: National CERT Centric Trust Domain 226
9.5.3.1 Deployment and Operations 226
9.5.3.2 Security Benefits 227
9.5.3.3 Scalability 227
9.5.3.4 Reliability 227
9.5.4 Use Case 4: Industrial Internet for Road Traffic and Transport 227
9.5.4.1 Deployment and Operations 227
9.5.4.2 Security Benefits 228
9.5.4.3 Scalability 228
9.5.4.4 Reliability 228
9.6 Conclusion 228
References 230
10 Software Defined Security Monitoring in 5G Networks 231
Madhusanka Liyanage, Ijaz Ahmad, Jude Okwuibe, Edgardo Montes de Oca, Mai Hoang Long, Oscar Lopez Perez, and Mikel Uriarte Itzazelaia
10.1 Introduction 231
10.2 Existing Monitoring Techniques 232
10.3 Limitations on Current Monitoring Techniques 233
10.4 Use of Monitoring in 5G 234
10.5 Software?]Defined Monitoring Architecture 235
10.6 Expected Advantages of Software Defined Monitoring 238
10.7 Expected Challenges in Software Defined Monitoring 240
10.8 Conclusion 242
References 243
Part III 5G Device and User Security 245
11 IoT Security 247
Mehrnoosh Monshizadeh, and Vikramajeet Khatri
11.1 Introduction 247
11.2 Related Work 248
11.3 Literature Overview and Research Motivation 249
11.3.1 IoT Devices, Services and Attacks on Them 250
11.3.2 Research Motivation 253
11.4 Distributed Security Platform 254
11.4.1 Robot Data Classification 254
11.4.2 Robot Attack Classification 255
11.4.3 Robot Security Platform 256
11.4.3.1 Robot Section 257
11.4.3.2 Mobile Network Section 257
11.5 Mobile Cloud Robot Security Scenarios 259
11.5.1 Robot with SIMcard 259
11.5.2 SIMless Robot 260
11.5.3 Robot Attack 263
11.5.4 Robot Communication 263
11.6 Conclusion 263
References 265
12 User Privacy, Identity and Trust 267
Tanesh Kumar, Madhusanka Liyanage, Ijaz Ahmad, An Braeken, and Mika Ylianttila
12.1 Introduction 267
12.2 Background 268
12.3 User Privacy 269
12.3.1 Data Privacy 269
12.3.2 Location Privacy 271
12.3.3 Identity Privacy 272
12.4 Identity Management 273
12.5 Trust Models 274
12.6 Discussion 277
12.7 Conclusion 278
References 279
13 5G Positioning: Security and Privacy Aspects 281
Elena Simona Lohan, Anette Alen?]Savikko, Liang Chen, Kimmo Jarvinen, Helena Leppakoski, Heidi Kuusniemi, and Paivi Korpisaari
13.1 Introduction 281
13.2 Outdoor versus Indoor Positioning Technologies 283
13.3 Passive versus Active Positioning 283
13.4 Brief Overview of 5G Positioning Mechanisms 285
13.5 Survey of Security Threats and Privacy Issues in 5G Positioning 291
13.5.1 Security Threats in 5G Positioning 291
13.5.1.1 Security Threats Affecting Several or All Players 291
13.5.1.2 Security Threats Affecting LISP 292
13.5.1.3 Security Threats Affecting LBSP 293
13.5.1.4 Security Threats Affecting the 5G User Device or LIC 293
13.6 Main Privacy Concerns 294
13.7 Passive versus Active Positioning Concepts 295
13.8 Physical?] Layer Based Security Enhancements Mechanisms for Positioning in 5G 296
13.8.1 Reliability Monitoring and Outlier Detection Mechanisms 296
13.8.2 Detection, Location and Estimation of Interference Signals 297
13.8.3 Backup Systems 298
13.9 Enhancing Trustworthiness 299
13.10 Cryptographic Techniques for Security and Privacy of Positioning 299
13.10.1 Cryptographic Authentication in Positioning 300
13.10.2 Cryptographic Distance?]Bounding 301
13.10.3 Cryptographic Techniques for Privacy?]Preserving Location?]based Services 303
13.11 Legislation on User Location Privacy in 5G 304
13.11.1 EU Policy and Legal Framework 304
13.11.2 Legal Aspects Related to the Processing of Location Data 306
13.11.3 Privacy Protection by Design and Default 306
13.11.4 Security Protection 307
13.11.5 A Closer Look at the e?]Privacy Directive 307
13.11.6 Summary of EU Legal Instruments 308
13.11.7 International Issues 308
13.11.8 Challenges and Future Scenarios in Legal Frameworks and Policy 309
13.12 Landscape of the European and International Projects related to Secure Positioning 311
References 312
Part IV 5G Cloud and Virtual Network Security 321
14 Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) Security 323
Mehrnoosh Monshizadeh and Vikramajeet Khatri
14.1 Introduction 323
14.2 Related Work 324
14.3 Cloudification of the Network Operators 325
14.4 MVNO Security 326
14.4.1 Data Security in TaaS 327
14.4.2 Hypervisor and VM Security in TaaS 328
14.4.2.1 SDN Security in TaaS 329
14.4.2.2 NFV Security in TaaS 331
14.4.2.3 OPNFV Security 332
14.4.3 Application Security in TaaS 333
14.4.4 Summary 334
14.4.5 MVNO Security Benchmark 335
14.5 TaaS Deployment Security 338
14.5.1 IaaS 338
14.5.2 PaaS 340
14.5.3 SaaS 340
14.6 Future Directions 340
14.7 Conclusion 341
References 342
15 NFV and NFV?]based Security Services 347
Wenjing Chu
15.1 Introduction 347
15.2 5G, NFV and Security 347
15.3 A Brief Introduction to NFV 348
15.4 NFV, SDN, and a Telco Cloud 351
15.5 Common NFV Drivers 353
15.5.1 Technology Curve 353
15.5.2 Opportunity Cost and Competitive Landscape 353
15.5.3 Horizontal Network Slicing 354
15.5.4 Multi?]Tenancy 354
15.5.5 Rapid Service Delivery 354
15.5.6 XaaS Models 354
15.5.7 One Cloud 355
15.6 NFV Security: Challenges and Opportunities 355
15.6.1 VNF Security Lifecycle and Trust 355
15.6.2 VNF Security in Operation 358
15.6.3 Multi?]Tenancy and XaaS 359
15.6.4 OPNFV and Openstack: Open Source Projects for NFV 360
15.7 NFV?]based Security Services 364
15.7.1 NFV?]based Network Security 365
15.7.1.1 Virtual Security Appliances 365
15.7.1.2 Distributed Network Security Services 366
15.7.1.3 Network Security as a Service 366
15.7.2 Policy?]based Security Services 366
15.7.2.1 Group?]based Policy 367
15.7.2.2 Openstack Congress 368
15.7.3 Machine Learning for NFV?]based Security Services 369
15.8 Conclusions 370
References 370
16 Cloud and MEC Security 373
Jude Okwuibe, Madhusanka Liyanage, Ijaz Ahmed, and Mika Ylianttila
16.1 Introduction 373
16.2 Cloud Computing in 5G Networks 374
16.2.1 Overview and History of Cloud Computing 375
16.2.2 Cloud Computing Architecture 376
16.2.3 Cloud Deployment Models 377
16.2.4 Cloud Service Models 378
16.2.5 5G Cloud Computing Architecture 379
16.2.6 Use Cases/Scenarios of Cloud Computing in 5G 380
16.3 MEC in 5G Networks 381
16.3.1 Overview of MEC Computing 381
16.3.2 MEC in 5G 383
16.3.3 Use Cases of MEC Computing in 5G 384
16.4 Security Challenges in 5G Cloud 385
16.4.1 Virtualization Security 385
16.4.2 Cyber?]Physical System (CPS) Security 386
16.4.3 Secure and Private Data Computation 386
16.4.4 Cloud Intrusion 387
16.4.5 Access Control 387
16.5 Security Challenges in 5G MEC 388
16.5.1 Denial of Service (DoS) Attack 389
16.5.2 Man?]in?]the?]Middle (MitM) 389
16.5.3 Inconsistent Security Policies 389
16.5.4 VM Manipulation 390
16.5.5 Privacy Leakage 390
16.6 Security Architectures for 5G Cloud and MEC 391
16.6.1 Centralized Security Architectures 391
16.6.2 SDN?]based Cloud Security Systems 392
16.7 5GMEC, Cloud Security Research and Standardizations 392
16.8 Conclusions 394
References 394
17 Regulatory Impact on 5G Security and Privacy 399
Jukka Salo and Madhusanka Liyanage
17.1 Introduction 399
17.2 Regulatory Objectives for Security and Privacy 401
17.2.1 Generic Objectives 401
17.3 Legal Framework for Security and Privacy 402
17.3.1 General Framework 402
17.3.2 Legal Framework for Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing 403
17.3.3 Legal Framework for Security and Privacy in Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization 405
17.4 Security and Privacy Issues in New 5G Technologies 405
17.4.1 Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing 405
17.4.2 Security and Privacy Issues in Network Functions Virtualization 407
17.4.3 Security and Privacy Issues in Software Defined Networking (SDN) 409
17.4.4 Summary of Security and Privacy Issues in the Context of Technologies under Study (Clouds, NFV, SDN) 410
17.5 Relevance Assessment of Security and Privacy Issues for Regulation 411
17.6 Analysis of Potential Regulatory Approaches 412
17.7 Summary of Issues and Impact of New Technologies on Security and Privacy Regulation 413
References 417
Index
