PREFACE xvii
1 Classification 1
1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion / 2
1.2. Rocket Propulsion / 4
1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 14
References / 24
2 Definitions and Fundamentals 26
2.1. Definitions / 26
2.2. Thrust / 31
2.3. Exhaust Velocity / 33
2.4. Energy and Efficiencies / 35
2.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems / 38
2.6. Typical Performance Values / 39
2.7. Variable Thrust / 40
Symbols / 41
Greek Letters / 42
Problems / 42
References / 44
3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 45
3.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems / 45
3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations / 47
3.3. Isentropic Flow through Nozzles / 51
3.4. Nozzle Configurations / 73
3.5. Real Nozzles / 81
3.6. Nozzle Alignment / 91
4 Flight Performance 99
4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight / 99
4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere / 104
4.3. Basic Relations of Motion / 106
4.4. Space Flight / 113
4.5. Space Flight Maneuvers / 127
4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance / 133
4.7. Flight Vehicles / 136
4.8. Military Missiles / 144
4.9. Flight Stability / 147
Problems / 150
References / 152
5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 154
5.1. Background and Fundamentals / 156
5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions / 161
5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes / 166
5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis / 171
5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations / 172
6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 189
6.1. Types of Propellants / 192
6.2. Propellant Tanks / 196
6.3. Propellant Feed Systems / 203
6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems / 205
6.5. Tank Pressurization / 212
6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles / 217
6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control / 229
6.8. Engine Families / 232
6.9. Valves and Pipelines / 233
6.10. Engine Support Structure / 239
Problems / 240
References / 242
7 Liquid Propellants 244
7.1. Propellant Properties / 245
7.2. Liquid Oxidizers / 255
7.3. Liquid Fuels / 259
7.4. Liquid Monopropellants / 264
7.5. Gaseous Propellants / 266
7.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns / 267
Problems / 268
References / 269
8 Thrust Chambers 271
8.1. Injectors / 276
8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle / 285
8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters / 300
8.4. Materials and Fabrication / 304
8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis / 310
8.6. Starting and Ignition / 322
8.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers / 325
8.8. Random Variable Thrust / 326
8.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis / 328
Problems / 339
References / 342
9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 344
9.1. Combustion Process / 344
9.2. Analysis and Simulation / 348
9.3. Combustion Instability / 349
Problems / 362
References / 362
10 Turbopumps and Their Gas Supplies 365
10.1. Introduction / 365
10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps / 366
10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration / 371
10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances / 376
10.5. Pumps / 378
10.6. Turbines / 387
10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design / 390
10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners / 393
Problems / 396
References / 397
11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 399
11.1. Propellant Budget / 399
11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems / 401
11.3. Engine Design / 403
11.4. Engine Controls / 412
11.5. Engine System Calibration / 423
11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization / 430
Problems / 432
References / 433
12 Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 434
12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate / 439
12.2. Other Performance Issues / 457
12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration / 462
12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain / 472
12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors / 483
Problems / 486
References / 488
13 Solid Propellants 491
13.1. Classification / 491
13.2. Propellant Characteristics / 497
13.3. Hazards / 505
13.4. Propellant Ingredients / 511
13.5. Other Propellant Categories / 522
13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors / 525
13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture / 528
Problems / 531
References / 534
14 Solid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 536
14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes / 536
14.2. Ignition Process / 540
14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination / 541
14.4. Combustion Instability / 543
Problems / 552
References / 553
15 Solid Rocket Motor Components and Design 555
15.1. Rocket Motor Case / 555
15.2. Nozzles / 563
15.3. Igniter Hardware / 577
15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach / 581
Problems / 589
References / 591
16 Hybrid Propellants Rocket Propulsion 593
16.1. Applications and Propellants / 594
16.2. Interior Hybrid Motor Ballistics / 599
16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration / 602
16.4. Design Example / 607
16.5. Combustion Instability / 611
Problems / 617
References / 618
17 Electric Propulsion 620
17.1. Ideal Flight Performance / 626
17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters / 631
17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters / 638
17.4. Optimum Flight Performance / 654
17.5. Mission Applications / 658
17.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems / 661
Problems / 666
References / 668
18 Thrust Vector Control 671
18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle / 673
18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles / 683
18.3. Testing / 686
18.4. Integration with Vehicle / 687
Problems / 688
References / 688
19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 690
19.1. Selection Process / 692
19.2. Criteria for Selection / 697
19.3. Interfaces / 699
19.4. Cost Reduction / 700
References / 702
20 Rocket Exhaust Plumes 703
20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior / 705
20.2. Plume Effects / 717
20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation / 723
Problems / 724
References / 724
21 Rocket Testing 726
21.1. Types of Tests / 726
21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards / 728
21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management / 735
21.4. Flight Testing / 739
21.5. Postaccident Procedures / 740
References / 741
Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants 743
Conversion Factors (arranged alphabetically) / 743
Constants / 746
Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth's Standard Atmosphere 747
Appendix 3 Summary of Key equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 749
Index 751
