Yorkshire Dialect in the Nineteenth Century

List of figures

List of tables

1 Introduction

1.1 Linguistic features of Yorkshire dialect

1.1.1 Definite Article Reduction

1.1.2 H-dropping

1.1.3 Realisation of the GOAT diphthong

1.1.4 Realisation of the FACE diphthong

1.1.5 Additional phonological features

1.1.6 Grammatical features and lexical items

1.2 Yorkshire identity

1.2.1 Aims of this book

1.3 Methodological considerations

1.3.1 Qualitative analysis

1.3.2 Quantitative analysis

1.3.3 Corpus of nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect (CoNCYD)

1.3.4 Nineteenth-century Yorkshire repertoires

1.4 Conclusions

2 Yorkshire dialect and social values

2.1 Indexicality and enregisterment

2.2 Processes of enregisterment

2.2.1 Social mobility

2.2.2 Geographical mobility

2.2.4 Evidence for indexical links and enregisterment

2.2.5 Simultaneous indexical links to multiple social values

2.3 Indexicality and Yorkshire dialect

2.4 Conclusions

3 Enregisterment in historical contexts

3.1 Historical context: The nineteenth century

3.2 Industrialisation and geographical mobility

3.3 Social change and social mobility

3.4 Linguistic awareness

3.5 Studying enregisterment in the nineteenth century

3.6 Sociological fractionation in nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect writing

3.7 Conclusions

4 Yorkshire repertoires: the emergence of authentic Yorkshire spellings

4.1 Awareness of nonstandard Yorkshire spellings

4.2 Nineteenth-century âYorkshireâ dialect areas

4.3 âYorkshireâ versions of The Song of Solomon

4.4 Vernacular norm formation in nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect

4.4.1 Owt

4.4.2 Definite Article Reduction

4.4.3 Sen

4.4.4 /l/-vocalisation

4.5 Conclusions

5 Creating the authentic âYorkshiremanâ: the emergence of characterological figures in nineteenth-century texts

5.1 Characterological figures

5.2 The ideological construction of the âYorkshiremanâ in nineteenth-century texts

5.2.1 The dialect of Yorkshiremen

5.3 Occupational associations with âYorkshiremenâ

5.3.1 The Yorkshire âdalesmanâ

5.4 A strong, independent âraceâ of men

5.5 Conclusion

6 Style and the Yorkshirewoman

6.1 Yorkshiremen and style-shifting

6.1.1 Metapragmatic discourse about style-shifting

6.1.2 Style-shifting in dialect literature

6.1.3 Style-shifting in literary dialect

6.2 Yorkshirewomen, metacommentary, and domesticity

6.2.1 Domesticity

6.2.2 Metacommentary on Yorkshirewomen and their dialect

6.2.3 Yorkshirewomen in literary dialect

6.2.4 Yorkshirewomen in dialect literature

6.3 Conclusions

7 Saxon, Scandinavian, and fair complexion: the historical enregisterment of Yorkshire dialect and whiteness

7.1 Enregisterment and ethnicity

7.2 Anglo-Saxon and Viking as indexes of whiteness in nineteenth-century texts

7.2.1 Non-white people in nineteenth-century Yorkshire

7.3 Yorkshire dialect indexing authentic, Teutonic, and âAnglo-Saxonâ

7.3.1 âSaxonâ Yorkshire dialect indexed by literary dialect and dialect literature

7.4 Yorkshire dialect indexing âScandinavianâ, âAnglo-Danishâ, and âOld Norseâ

7.4.1 Scandinavian

7.4.2 Anglo-Danish

7.4.3 Old Norse

7.5 Conclusions

8 The legacy of nineteenth-century Yorkshire dialect

8.1 Changes to the enregistered Yorkshire repertoire

8.2 Conclusion

References

Index