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Wireless Access and the Local Telephone Network

By: George Calhoun

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Hardcover | 1 February 1992

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Hardcover
620 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
24.77 x 16.51 x 3.81

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This book analyzes the wireless revolution: from applications to technology, and from economics to system engineering.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Radio Technology Computing & I.T.Computer Networking & Communications Telephone Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics Fibre Optics Technology in General

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Introduction: Beyond Copper	p. 1
The Not-So-All Encompassing Network	p. 3
Looking Back: The Riddle of Modernity	p. 3
Looking Ahead: The Information Age	p. 9
Dialtone, A Parable	p. 26
Wireless Access: To PCN and Back Again	p. 32
Theories of History	p. 42
The Problem of Access	p. 49
The Evolution of the Telephone System and the Era of Access	p. 51
The Era of Interconnection, 1876-1950	p. 51
The Era of the Network, 1950-1990	p. 56
The Era of Access: 1990 and Beyond	p. 61
Terminology: Network and Access	p. 65
The Dimensions of the Problem of Access	p. 74
The Costs of Access	p. 83
A Pearl in the Oyster	p. 83
Successful Socialism	p. 93
The Unraveling of the Natural Monopoly	p. 100
The Service Revolution and the Uncompleted Network	p. 109
The Voice-Optimized Network	p. 109
The Explosion in Digital Services	p. 110
Voiceband Services	p. 110
Packet Data Networks	p. 112
Narrowband Integrated Digital Services	p. 113
Broadband Integrated Digital Services	p. 115
The Information Rich and Poor	p. 117
Wireless Access: Technologies and Applications	p. 121
Applications of Wireless Access	p. 123
A Basic Model of Wireless Access	p. 126
Alternative Service Models	p. 135
Wireless Access as an Extension of the Network	p. 136
Wireless Access as an Outgrowth of Cellular Radio	p. 143
Wireless Access as PCN	p. 147
Wireless Access in Private Networks	p. 150
"Telephony-Derived" Applications of Wireless Access	p. 151
Rural Radio	p. 152
Thin-Route Microwave Subscriber Radio	p. 153
Basic Exchange Radio--"Wireless Local Loop"	p. 155
Technical Outlines and Systems Concepts	p. 156
BETRS Regulatory Background	p. 157
Early Applications of BETRS	p. 160
Extensions of the BETRS Concept	p. 162
Canada	p. 162
Japan	p. 163
CCIR	p. 163
Bellcore and BEXR	p. 163
Advantages of BETRS	p. 164
A Hierarchy of BETRS Applications	p. 166
Traditional "Rural Radio"	p. 171
Wireless Digital Loop Carrier	p. 172
Radio Carrier Serving Area	p. 174
Wireless Digital Access	p. 176
Transportable Applications	p. 182
Integrated Digital Radio (IDR)	p. 183
Scope of the BETRS Applications	p. 183
Wireless Access Indices	p. 183
Unserved Telephone Demand	p. 183
Party-Line Upgrade	p. 185
Growth in the Subscriber Base	p. 186
Replacement of Deteriorating Outside Plant	p. 186
Top-Down Studies	p. 186
Bottom-Up Studies	p. 188
Mobile-Oriented Applications of Wireless Access	p. 189
Cellular Mobile Radio	p. 191
Improved Radio Transmission	p. 191
Cellular System Architecture	p. 192
Cellular Service Offerings	p. 194
Cellular Networks	p. 194
Noncellular Mobile Radio	p. 196
The PCN Set of Applications	p. 197
Wireless Pay Phone (Telepoint)	p. 201
Residential Cordless Telephony	p. 202
Wireless PBX and Other Applications	p. 205
Residential Neighborhood Access	p. 205
Personal Communications	p. 207
Private Network Applications	p. 208
The Defining Characteristics of Private Carrier Applications	p. 209
Wireless LANs	p. 209
Wireless MANs	p. 211
Wireless WANs: VSAT Networks	p. 211
A History of the Use of Radio in the REA Telephone Program (1985)	p. 223
Excerpts from A Report by the Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, Northwestern Bell Telephone Company, and Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company	p. 229
A Pioneering Wireless Telephone Project	p. 236
Technology for Wireless Access	p. 241
The End of FM	p. 241
A Primer on Digital Radio	p. 244
The Vocabulary of Radio	p. 244
The Fate of the Radio Signal	p. 249
Free Space Loss	p. 250
Attenuation Effects	p. 251
Reflection and Multipath Effects	p. 253
Delay Spread	p. 254
Rayleigh Fading	p. 256
Doppler Shifts	p. 257
Importance of Multipath Effects	p. 258
The Vocabulary of Digital Communications	p. 259
A/D Conversion	p. 261
Sampling	p. 261
Quantization	p. 262
Coding	p. 263
Modulation	p. 265
Transmission and Signal Processing	p. 266
System Performance Objectives	p. 267
Transmission Environments	p. 267
Quality Objectives	p. 268
Cost Objectives	p. 271
Capacity Objectives	p. 273
Spectrum Efficiency	p. 274
Approaches to Increasing Spectrum Efficiency	p. 275
Efficient RF Link Design	p. 275
Efficient System Design	p. 275
Improved Frequency Reuse	p. 275
Better Traffic Management	p. 275
Approaches to the Measurement of Spectrum Efficiency	p. 276
Spectral Efficiency (b/Hz)	p. 276
Circuit Spectrum Efficiency (circuits/MHz)	p. 277
Geographical Spectrum Efficiency (circuits/MHzkm[superscript -2])	p. 277
Flexibility	p. 281
Forward Compatibility	p. 282
Portability	p. 283
Muscular Software: Building the Digital Radio Circuit	p. 284
Voice Coding: Bandwidth Reduction	p. 289
Strategies for Efficient Voice Coding	p. 291
Analysis of Inherent Redundancies in Speech Signals	p. 291
Analysis Aural Performance Characteristics	p. 292
Parametric Modeling of Speech Production	p. 292
Quantization of Block or Parametric Information	p. 294
Representative Coding Strategies	p. 295
Continuosly Variable Slope Delta Modulation (CVSD)	p. 295
Adaptive Subband Coding	p. 298
Residual-Excited Linear Predictive Coding	p. 301
Vector Quantization	p. 304
Modulation: Increasing Information Density	p. 308
Information Density	p. 308
Power Spectrum Considerations	p. 313
Amplifier Considerations	p. 314
Equalization: Recovering the Physical Code	p. 317
Error Correction: Recovering the Logical Code	p. 318
Ingenious Architectures: Building the Digital Radio System	p. 320
The Concept of Multiple Access	p. 321
Frequency-Division Multiple-Access Architecture	p. 322
Time-Division Multiple-Access Architecture	p. 325
Time-Division Duplex--"Ping Pong"	p. 331
Code-Division Multiple-Access Architecture	p. 334
Code Division Metaphors	p. 334
Code Division Techniques	p. 337
Packet-like Techniques: Digital Speech Interpolation	p. 340
The Concept of Packet Transmission	p. 340
Fast-Packet and Packet Voice	p. 341
Digital Speech Interpolation	p. 343
Advantages of DSI	p. 351
Packet Reservation Multiple-Access Concept	p. 354
Channel Access Techniques	p. 355
A Comparative Evaluation of Multiple-Access Architectures	p. 357
Wireless Access: Economics and Engineering	p. 379
The Economics of Wireless Access	p. 381
"No More Copper"	p. 381
Economic Models for Analyzing Access Plant Decisions	p. 386
Elements of an Economic Model	p. 387
Outputs of Access Plant Studies	p. 389
Assumptions for Access Plant Studies	p. 391
Service-Related Assumptions	p. 391
Traffic-Related Assumptions	p. 393
Regulatory Assumptions	p. 394
Depreciation	p. 394
Pricing	p. 394
Technology-Related Assumptions The Copper Bias	p. 395
Inputs for Access Plant Studies	p. 398
Existing Plant	p. 399
The Physical Environment	p. 399
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Service Requirements	p. 401
Structural Relationships for Access Plant Studies	p. 401
Fixed and Variable Costs	p. 402
Statistical Factors	p. 403
Iteration, Optimization, and Simulation	p. 404
Wireless and Wireline Architectures: the Basics	p. 404
A Standard Wireline Access Architecture	p. 405
Cost Structure of the Star Network	p. 405
High Dedicated Costs	p. 405
Distance-Sensitive Costs	p. 405
Trade-offs	p. 406
The Standard Exchange Configuration: Cable Routes	p. 407
The Standard Loop	p. 410
Alternative Wireline Loop Architectures	p. 411
A Standard Wireless Access Architecture	p. 412
The Exchange Configuration: Area Coverage	p. 412
The Wireless Loop	p. 416
The Cost Structure of a Wireless Network	p. 417
Distance Insensitivity	p. 417
Shared and Dedicated Costs	p. 417
Clustered versus Distributed Systems	p. 418
Alternative Wireless Loop Architectures	p. 418
Alternative Mappings between Wireless and Wireline Architectures	p. 418
Drop Replacement Only: "PCN"	p. 423
Distribution Replacement: Wireless DLC	p. 426
Feeder Replacement: Radio Carrier Serving Area	p. 427
Exchange Replacement/Consolidation: Wireless Overlay Network	p. 429
Simplified Models of Wireless Access Costs	p. 430
Modeling the Spatial Dimension I: Cable versus Radio	p. 431
Cost and Distance	p. 432
Per-Unit-of-Distance Costs	p. 432
Frequency Distribution of Loop Lengths	p. 433
Cost/Distance Indices	p. 433
Cost and Population Density	p. 436
Cost/Density Functions for Wireline Systems	p. 436
Cost/Density Functions for Radio Access Systems	p. 440
Comparisons	p. 442
Clustering and Cost/Density Functions	p. 443
Modeling the Spatial Dimension II: The Problem of "Critical Mass"	p. 445
Modeling the Spatial Dimension III: Consolidation of Feeders and Exchanges	p. 447
Feeder Consolidation	p. 447
Radio "Safety Nets"	p. 449
Elimination of Exchanges	p. 449
Modeling the Spatial Dimension IV: Beyond Basic Services	p. 449
Modeling the Time Dimension of Access Economics	p. 452
Modular Investments and Present Value	p. 452
Operating Expenses: Maintenance Costs	p. 453
Inflation and Deflation Effects	p. 456
Recovery Value and Stranded Investment	p. 459
"Intangibles:" Flexibility and Response Time	p. 462
Overhead	p. 462
Overtime	p. 463
Summary	p. 464
Greater Economic Efficiency	p. 465
Greater Economic Flexibility	p. 466
Freedom in Space: Area Coverage versus Cable-Route	p. 467
Freedom in the Time Dimension: Life Cycle Economics	p. 468
Flexible Deployment of Wireless Access	p. 468
Redundant Networks	p. 468
Planning a Wireless Access Program	p. 470
Site Screening: Indices of Wireless Access Requirements	p. 470
Individual Indices for Wireless Access	p. 471
Composite or Weighted Indices	p. 473
Single-Site Analysis: Evaluating the Radio/Cable Mix	p. 473
External Constraints on the Use of Radio	p. 474
Assessing the Existing Plant	p. 474
Optimizing the Radio/Cable Mix	p. 475
Area Analysis: Radio Overlay Networks	p. 477
Siting Radio Base Stations	p. 478
Administration of Overlay Networks	p. 478
Network Interface or Interconnection	p. 479
Interface Type	p. 479
Interface Level	p. 480
Interface Location	p. 480
Interface Facilities	p. 481
Intercell Trunking Facilities	p. 481
"No More Exchange Boundaries"--The Impact of Competition	p. 481
Engineering for Wireless Access	p. 487
"Making it Work!"	p. 487
Service Requirements for Wireless Access	p. 489
Types of Service	p. 490
Voice Services	p. 490
Analog Voice Circuits	p. 490
DS0 Digital Voice Circuits	p. 490
Low-Bit-Rate Voice Circuits	p. 491
Ancillary Voice-Oriented Services	p. 491
Data Services	p. 492
Voiceband Data	p. 492
Direct Digital Transmission	p. 493
Integrated Voice and Data Networks	p. 494
Special Services	p. 496
Alternative Signaling Formats	p. 496
Intelligent Network Capabilities	p. 497
Unique Radio-Based Services	p. 497
Summary: Mutual Adaptation	p. 498
Quality of Service	p. 498
Quality of Voice Services	p. 499
Forms of Impairment: Digital versus Analog	p. 499
Measures of Codec Quality	p. 500
Modes of Codec Failure	p. 500
Measures of Codec Complexity	p. 501
Grade of Service	p. 501
Quality of Nonvoice Services	p. 501
Service Availability	p. 502
Equipment Availability	p. 503
Reliability	p. 503
Testing and Diagnostics	p. 504
Repair and Service	p. 504
Circuit Availability	p. 505
Blocking	p. 505
Offered Traffic	p. 506
More Complex Models	p. 506
Summary	p. 507
Signal Availability	p. 507
The Crux of Service Availability--Blocking	p. 507
Radio Engineering for Wireless Access--An Overview	p. 509
The RF Budget: Analyzing Circuit Requirements	p. 510
Circuit Quality, Reliability, and RSL	p. 511
The BER Criterion	p. 511
The SNR Criterion	p. 512
The RSL Criterion	p. 512
Signal Variations and Margin Requirements	p. 513
Path Analysis: Predicting RF Circuit Characteristics	p. 515
Components of Path Loss	p. 515
Frequency-Related Effects	p. 516
Distance-Related Effects	p. 517
Terrain-Related Effects	p. 517
Path Loss Models	p. 518
Area-Coverage Analysis	p. 518
Subscriber Site Engineering	p. 519
Modulation Level Selection	p. 520
Subscriber Antenna--Gain	p. 520
Subscriber Antenna--Height	p. 520
Subscriber Drop-Line	p. 520
The Laminar Network	p. 527
Fiber Optics versus Digital Radio	p. 529
Advanced Network Structures: Geodesic or Laminar?	p. 529
The Roles of Fiber and Radio	p. 541
The Competitive Advantages of Fiber-Based Access	p. 543
Video	p. 543
LAN/MAN/WAN Access	p. 544
B-ISDN	p. 544
The Competitive Advantages of Radio-Based Access	p. 545
Low Cost Access	p. 545
Unique Capabilities	p. 545
Facilitation of Competative Entry	p. 546
Complementaries	p. 546
The Comparative Economics of Fiber and Radio	p. 547
Cost Estimates	p. 547
Revenue Estimates	p. 548
Cost Structures	p. 549
Hybrid Fiber/Radio Architectures	p. 550
DLC-Type Architectures	p. 552
Radio Tails	p. 552
Cable TV-Based Architectures	p. 553
Nontraditional Loop Architectures	p. 553
The PCN Trajectory	p. 563
Down from the Mountain--Another Parable	p. 563
The Four No's of PCN	p. 567
No Spectrum	p. 568
No Service Definition	p. 569
No Licensing Procedure	p. 570
No Standards	p. 571
Applications	p. 573
Technologies	p. 575
Operating Concepts	p. 576
Toward Spectrum Abundance	p. 578
Index	p. 587
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Wireless Access and the Local Telephone Network

At a Glance

Hardcover

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