Waste Disposal and Evaporites : Contributions to Long-Term Safety

By: Albert G. Herrmann, Bernhard J. Knipping, R. B. Phillips (Translator)

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Since production, treatment and disposal of anthropogenic wastes are among the challenging ecological and social problems of the present and future repositories must be constructed and maintained especially with regard to long-term safety. This volume expertises research results of natural geochemical cycles in connection with the disposal of anthropogenic wastes, the role of fluids in marine evaporites and the composition of salt domes as a criterion for evaluating the long-term safety of underground repositories for anthropogenic wastes. It is addressed to engineers and scientists confronted with these problems.

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Natural Geochemical Cycles and the Disposal of Anthropogenic Wastes
Subject	p. 3
Causal relationships	p. 4
What can be done?	p. 5
The present waste situation	p. 6
Radioactive wastes	p. 6
Nonradioactive wastes	p. 6
Long-term impact of nonradioactive and radioactive wastes	p. 12
Rates of migration and geochemical cycles on the earth	p. 15
Possibilities for the construction of underground repositories	p. 19
Technologies for the mining of storage space in the underground	p. 22
Host rocks for underground repository sites	p. 30
Underground repositories in Germany	p. 35
Limitations of underground repositories	p. 48
Assessment of the present situation	p. 52
Fluids in Marine Evaporites
Salt solutions and fluid inclusions in marine evaporites	p. 55
Scientific fundamentals	p. 55
Research concept	p. 58
Gases in marine evaporites	p. 62
Fundamentals	p. 62
Gas occurrences in marine evaporites	p. 63
Inclusion of the gases	p. 65
Composition of the gases	p. 66
Gas volumes	p. 72
Gas pressures	p. 74
Formation and origin of the gases	p. 75
Fundamentals	p. 75
Hydrocarbons	p. 77
Carbon dioxide	p. 80
Hydrogen	p. 80
Nitrogen	p. 82
Hydrogen sulfides	p. 83
Noble gases	p. 84
Other components	p. 84
What is the origin of the gases in evaporites?	p. 84
Release of gases during mining operations	p. 89
Gas and isolated petroleum occurrences in the Zechstein evaporites of northern Germany	p. 90
Gases in the Gorleben salt dome	p. 97
Adverse effects of salt-bound gases and radiolysis on the long-term safety of underground repositories	p. 102
Detection of gases and condensates in evaporites	p. 105
Research concept	p. 107
The Composition of Salt Domes as a Criterion for Evaluating the Long-Term Safety of Underground Repositories for Anthropogenic Wastes
Geological principle	p. 113
The example of evaporites	p. 115
Composition of Zechstein evaporites in the Hannover region, northern Germany	p. 132
Evaporite rocks	p. 132
Fracture fillings	p. 137
Solutions	p. 139
Gases	p. 146
Calculation of mineral reactions and material transports	p. 148
Fundamentals for data processing	p. 148
Salt Rocks	p. 152
Formation of kainitite from camallitite	p. 152
Formation of K-Mg-free rocks from kainitite	p. 155
Quantification of the reactions camallitite [actual symbol not reproducible] rock	p. 157
Fracture-filling minerals	p. 164
Crystallization of fracture-filling minerals	p. 164
Quantification of halite crystallisation in cracks and fissures	p. 165
Evaluation of the current situation	p. 173
References	p. 175
Subject index	p. 191
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved.

Waste Disposal and Evaporites : Contributions to Long-Term Safety

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