| Acknowledgments | p. ix |
| Introduction: Justifying War but Restricting Tactics | p. 1 |
| The Just War Tradition and War Crimes | p. 3 |
| Humanitarian Concerns | p. 8 |
| Justificatory Hurdles | p. 12 |
| Classifying War Crimes | p. 17 |
| Summary of the Arguments of the Book | p. 20 |
| Philosophical Groundings | |
| Collective Responsibility and Honor During War | p. 25 |
| The Moral Equality of Soldiers | p. 27 |
| The Honor of Soliders | p. 30 |
| Collective Responsibility for Increased Vulnerability | p. 35 |
| Harming Humanity and War Crimes Prosecutions | p. 40 |
| Protected Persons During War | p. 44 |
| Jus Gentium and Minimal Natural Law | p. 48 |
| Grotius on the Sources of Jus Gentium | p. 50 |
| Grotian Natural Law Theory and the Rules of War | p. 53 |
| Refining the Principle of Humanity | p. 57 |
| Connecting Consensual and Universal Sources of the Rules of War | p. 62 |
| Humane Treatment as the Cornerstone of the Rules of War | p. 67 |
| The Geneva Conventions and International Humanitarian Law | p. 68 |
| The Concept of Humane Treatment | p. 71 |
| Compassion and Minimal Suffering | p. 75 |
| Mercy, Equity, and Honor | p. 79 |
| Human Rights and Humane Treatment | p. 86 |
| Problems in Identifying War Crimes | |
| Killing Naked Soldiers: Combatants and Noncombatants | p. 93 |
| Some Notes on the Metaphysics of Social Groups | p. 95 |
| Identifying Soldiers and Civilians | p. 99 |
| The Guilty and the Innocent | p. 104 |
| The Case of the Naked Soldier | p. 108 |
| Saving the Principle of Discrimination | p. 112 |
| Shooting Poisoned Arrows: Banned and Accepted Weapons | p. 118 |
| An Absolute Ban? | p. 119 |
| Gentili on the Use of Poisons | p. 124 |
| Grotius and Fairness in Contests | p. 128 |
| Minimizing Suffering | p. 132 |
| Poisoning and Necessity | p. 136 |
| Torturing Prisoners of War: Normal and Confined Soldiers | p. 140 |
| Grotius on Slaves and Prisoners of War | p. 141 |
| Confinement and Torture | p. 146 |
| Fiduciary and Stewardship Obligations | p. 150 |
| The Moral Equality of Prisoners of War | p. 154 |
| Refocusing the Proportionality Principle | p. 158 |
| Normative Principles | |
| The Principle of Discrimination or Distinction | p. 167 |
| Focusing on Status Rather than Behavior | p. 168 |
| Humane Treatment and Discrimination | p. 172 |
| The Naked Soldier Returns | p. 176 |
| Objections | p. 180 |
| Individualism and Collectivism | p. 184 |
| The Principle of Necessity | p. 190 |
| Poisons and Aerial Bombardment | p. 191 |
| Necessity and Humane Treatment | p. 195 |
| Necessity in Domestic and International Criminal Law | p. 199 |
| Formulating a Test for Military Necessity | p. 204 |
| Relating Proportionality and Necessity | p. 208 |
| The Principle of Proportionality | p. 211 |
| The Israeli Case | p. 212 |
| Humane Treatment and Proportionality | p. 218 |
| Proportionality and Weighing Lives | p. 223 |
| Connecting the Normative Principles of Jus in Bello | p. 227 |
| Prosecuting War Crimes | |
| Prosecuting Soldiers for War Crimes | p. 235 |
| The Kvocka Case | p. 236 |
| The Mens Rea of Camp Guards | p. 239 |
| Criminal Liability of Soldiers | p. 243 |
| Joint Criminal Liability | p. 247 |
| Collective Liability and International Crime | p. 251 |
| Prosecuting Military Leaders for War Crimes | p. 256 |
| The Case Against General Blaskic | p. 257 |
| Blaskic's Appeal | p. 261 |
| The Mens Rea of Leaders | p. 264 |
| Negligence in International Criminal Law | p. 267 |
| Benighting Acts, Willfulness, and Precommitment | p. 273 |
| Commanded and Commanding Defenses | p. 279 |
| Military Leaders and Necessity | p. 280 |
| Soldiers and Duress | p. 284 |
| Mitigation of Punishment for War Crimes | p. 289 |
| War and Coercion | p. 293 |
| Treating Soldiers and Commanders Humanely | p. 297 |
| Epilogue and Conclusions: Should Terrorists be Treated Humanely? | p. 301 |
| The Problem of Terrorists | p. 303 |
| Who are the Terrorists? | p. 306 |
| What are Terrorists Owed? | p. 309 |
| Honor and Instilling Humaneness | p. 312 |
| Tu Quoque | p. 316 |
| Conclusions and the Grotian Project | p. 318 |
| Bibliography | p. 325 |
| Index | p. 335 |
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