| Foreword | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Electromagnetic compatibility in electrical supply systems | p. 1 |
| Classification of system perturbations | p. 4 |
| EU directives, VDE specifications and standards | p. 6 |
| Basic mathematical principles | p. 10 |
| Complex calculations, vectors and phasor diagrams | p. 10 |
| Fourier analysis and synthesis | p. 12 |
| Symmetrical components | p. 17 |
| Power considerations | p. 21 |
| Series and parallel resonant circuits | p. 23 |
| System conditions | p. 27 |
| Voltage levels and impedances | p. 27 |
| Features of the voltage in power systems | p. 29 |
| Impedances of equipment | p. 31 |
| Characteristics of typical equipment | p. 36 |
| Calculation examples | p. 39 |
| Graphical determination of symmetrical components | p. 39 |
| Arithmetical determination of symmetrical components | p. 41 |
| Calculation of equipment | p. 41 |
| References | p. 43 |
| Harmonics and interharmonics | p. 45 |
| Occurrence and causes | p. 45 |
| General | p. 45 |
| Occurrence due to network equipment | p. 45 |
| Occurrence due to power electronics equipment | p. 48 |
| Basic principles | p. 48 |
| Full-wave rectifier with capacitor smoothing | p. 49 |
| Three-phase bridge circuit | p. 51 |
| Converters | p. 57 |
| Occurrence due to random consumer behaviours | p. 60 |
| Telecontrol signals | p. 62 |
| Description and calculations | p. 64 |
| Characteristics and parameters | p. 64 |
| Harmonics and interharmonics in networks | p. 66 |
| Calculation of networks and equipment | p. 66 |
| Modelling of equipment | p. 67 |
| Resonances in electrical networks | p. 68 |
| Effects of harmonics and interharmonics | p. 72 |
| General | p. 72 |
| High-energy equipment | p. 73 |
| Network operation | p. 76 |
| Electronic equipment | p. 77 |
| Protection, measuring and automation equipment | p. 77 |
| Loads and consumers | p. 78 |
| Assessment of harmonics | p. 81 |
| Standardisation | p. 84 |
| General | p. 84 |
| Emitted interference | p. 85 |
| Compatibility levels | p. 87 |
| Interference immunity levels | p. 90 |
| Examples of measurement and calculation | p. 90 |
| Harmonic resonance due to reactive power compensation | p. 90 |
| Assessment of a harmonic generator | p. 93 |
| Impedance calculation in a medium voltage network | p. 95 |
| Typical harmonic spectra of low voltage consumers | p. 97 |
| References | p. 100 |
| Voltage fluctuations and flicker | p. 103 |
| Definitions | p. 103 |
| Occurrence and causes | p. 104 |
| Voltage fluctuations | p. 104 |
| Flicker | p. 105 |
| Flicker calculation in accordance with empirical formulae | p. 105 |
| General | p. 105 |
| Calculation of the voltage drop in general form | p. 106 |
| A[subscript st]/P[subscript st] calculation | p. 110 |
| Flicker calculation for random signals | p. 111 |
| Mathematical description of the flicker algorithm | p. 111 |
| The P[subscript st] disturbance assessment method | p. 114 |
| Effects of voltage fluctuations | p. 115 |
| Standardisation | p. 116 |
| Examples of measurement and calculation | p. 118 |
| Measurement of flicker in a low voltage system | p. 118 |
| Calculation of an industrial system for resistance heating | p. 119 |
| References | p. 122 |
| Voltage unbalance | p. 123 |
| Occurrence and causes | p. 123 |
| Description of unbalances | p. 123 |
| Simplified examination | p. 123 |
| Symmetrical components | p. 124 |
| Effects of voltage unbalance | p. 125 |
| Standardisation | p. 125 |
| Examples of measurement and calculation | p. 125 |
| Measurement of unbalance in an industrial 20 kV system | p. 125 |
| Determining the unbalance of an industrial system | p. 126 |
| Reference | p. 127 |
| Measurement and assessment of system perturbations | p. 129 |
| General | p. 129 |
| Sampling systems | p. 130 |
| General characteristics | p. 130 |
| Basic structure of a digital measuring instrument | p. 130 |
| Transient recorders | p. 132 |
| Harmonics analysers | p. 134 |
| Flicker meter | p. 135 |
| Combination instruments | p. 137 |
| Measured value processing | p. 137 |
| Statistical methods | p. 137 |
| Measuring and evaluation methods | p. 141 |
| Accuracy | p. 143 |
| Algorithms and evaluation | p. 143 |
| Instrument and isolating transformers, current clamp | p. 144 |
| Use and connection of measuring instruments | p. 147 |
| Low voltage system | p. 147 |
| Medium and high voltage systems | p. 147 |
| Standardisation | p. 150 |
| Characteristics of measuring instruments | p. 150 |
| Performance of measurements | p. 152 |
| References | p. 153 |
| Countermeasures | p. 155 |
| Assignment of countermeasures | p. 155 |
| Reduction of the emitted interference from consumers | p. 155 |
| Consumer-related measures | p. 158 |
| Filter circuits | p. 158 |
| Dynamic reactive power compensation | p. 163 |
| Symmetrical connections | p. 163 |
| Active filters | p. 164 |
| High-performance batteries | p. 167 |
| Superconductive magnetic energy storage | p. 168 |
| Gyrating mass flywheel | p. 170 |
| Comparison of various energy storage devices | p. 172 |
| Measures related to power systems | p. 172 |
| Measures during network planning: system strengthening measures | p. 172 |
| Measures with regard to system operation: short-circuit current limitation | p. 174 |
| Cost analysis | p. 178 |
| Example of an application: planning an active filter UPCS project | p. 179 |
| Designing the UPCS | p. 179 |
| Design of the UPCS to compensate for harmonics | p. 180 |
| Design of the UPCS with regard to voltage sags and flicker | p. 186 |
| Example of network planning, taking account of active system filters | p. 193 |
| System connection variants of a large industrial customer | p. 195 |
| Optimisation of the location of active filters | p. 203 |
| Assessment of active network filters from the point of view of network planning | p. 204 |
| References | p. 204 |
| Notes on practical procedures | p. 207 |
| Survey of voltage quality (harmonics) in medium voltage networks | p. 207 |
| Connection of harmonics generators, high-load consumers | p. 209 |
| Determining the reference values for planning calculations in a ring-cable network | p. 216 |
| Measurements in a 35 kV ring-cable network | p. 216 |
| Disturbance investigation | p. 218 |
| Disturbance analysis harmonics in power station service network I | p. 218 |
| Disturbance analysis (voltage increase) in power station service network II | p. 221 |
| Network resonance in the low voltage network | p. 224 |
| Reactive power compensation in a 500 V network | p. 227 |
| References | p. 231 |
| Appendix | p. 233 |
| Formula symbols and indices | p. 233 |
| Formula symbols | p. 233 |
| Indices, subscript | p. 235 |
| Indices, superscript | p. 236 |
| Index | p. 239 |
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