Introduction 1
1 The Evolution of Telecommunications 3
The Telegraph 3
The Telephone 3
Wireless Communications 4
AT&T Monopoly 4
Trans-Canada System 4
Semiconductors 5
Digital Communications 5
Satellite Communications 6
Fiber Optics 6
AT&T Break-Up 6
Telecommunications Act of 1996 8
The Meltdown 10
Conclusion 10
2 Analog Transmission 12
Conclusion 15
Review Questions for Chapter 2 15
3 Digital Transmission 17
Conclusion 19
Review Questions for Chapter 3 20
4 Basic Multiplexing Techniques 21
Brief History 21
FDM 21
TDM 22
Pulse-Code Modulation 22
Conclusion 27
Review Questions for Chapter 4 27
5 Switching Hierarchy 28
Brief History '. 28
Divestiture 30
Conclusion 32
Review Questions for Chapter 5 32
6 North American Digital Hierarchies 34
Conclusion 37
Review Questions for Chapter 6 37
7 Transmission 38
Transmission Level 39
Via Net Loss (VNL) 40
All-Digital Network 40
Echo Suppressors and Echo Cancellers 43
Split Echo Suppressor 44
Full Echo Suppressor 45
Digital Echo Canceller 45
Conclusion 46
Review Questions for Chapter 7 47
8 The Local Subscriber Loop 48
Brief History 48
The Local Loop 48
Digital Subscriber Carrier Systems 50
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines 52
Conclusion 54
Review Questions for Chapter 8 55
9 Microwave Radio 56
Brief History 56
Digital Radio 56
Design Considerations 58
SONET Radio 60
Conclusion 61
Review Questions for Chapter 9 61
10 Satellite Communications 63
Brief History 63
Geostationary (GEO) Satellites 65
Parking Slots 66
Transponders 67
The Footprint 68
Time Delay 68
Global Positioning System 70
MEO and LEO Satellites 71
Direct-to-Home Satellite System 75
Satellite Operators 75
Conclusion 76
Review Questions for Chapter 10 76
11 Switching Systems 78
The Strowger Switch 78
Panel Switching Syste 79
Crossbar Switch 79
The First Electronic Switch 80
The Digital Switch 81
The Optical Switch 84
Optical Switches with Electrical Cores 85
All-Optical Switches 85
Conclusion 90
Review Questions for Chapter 11 90
12 Private Branch Exchange 92
Brief History 92
Analog PBX 92
Digital PBX 93
Conclusion 95
Review Questions for Chapter 12 96
13 Traffic Considerations 97
Brief History 97
CCS 97
Grade of Service 98
Internet Congestion 99
Conclusion 101
Review Questions for Chapter 13 101
14 Video Transmission 102
Brief History 102
Video Compression 102
Switched Data Services 103
Video Codecs 103
Videophone 104
Multimedia 105
Conclusion 107
Review Questions for Chapter 14 108
15 Wireless 109
Brief History 109
Cellular Telephone Service 109
The Mobile Unit 111
Personal Communications Services (PCS) 113
The Standards 114
The Future 115
Conclusion 117
Review Questions for Chapter 15 119
16 The Computer 120
Brief History 120
Digital Computers 120
Microprocessors 123
Hard Drive 123
End of an Era 125
Internet Appliances 125
The Evolution of the Silicon Chip 127
Bluetooth 127
Conclusion 128
Review Questions for Chapter 16 130
17 The Internet 131
Brief History 131
Internet Access 132
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 133
Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 134
Integrated Services Digital Network 134
Cable Modems 136
Satellite 137
Local Multipoint Distribution System 138
Circuit Switched vs. Packet Switched 139
Internet Telephony 142
Conclusion 143
Review Questions for Chapter 17 144
18 Lightwave Systems 145
Brief History 145
New Transcontinental Carriers 149
Lightwave Undersea Systems 150
Evolution of Lightwave Systems 150
Optical Fiber Cable 154
Optical Fiber Transmission Parameters 157
Fiber Connectors 163
Optical Emitters 165
Optical Detectors 167
Tunable Lasers 168
All-Optical Networks 169
Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 169
Optical Amplifiers 171
Optical Cross-Connects 173
System Design Considerations 175
Synchronous Optical Network 178
Asynchronous Transfer Mode 186
SONET Ring Networks 190
System Availability 192
Cable Placement Choices 193
Cable Placement Techniques 195
Placement of Underground Cable 196
Placement of Aerial Cable 197
Placement of Direct Buried Cable 199
Field Splicing 203
Mechanical Splicing 205
Field Testing Using an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer 205
Fiber-to-the-Home 209
Video-on-Demand (VOD) 209
Fiber-to-the-Curb 210
Local Area Network 213
Ethernet 214
IBM Token Ring 215
LAN Topology 216
Wireless LANs 218
Fiber Optic LANs 218
Conclusion 224
Review Questions for Chapter 18 225
Telecommunications Glossary 228
Bibliography 250
Index 251
Answers to Review Questions 259
About the Author 269
