Two-dimensional Echocardiography in Infants and Children

1. Left-to-right shunts.- 1.1. Congenital left-to-right shunts.- 1.1.1. Atrial septal defects.- 1.1.2. Ventricular septal defects.- 1.1.3. Atrioventricular canal defects.- 1.1.4. Common atrium.- 1.1.5. Patent ductus arteriosus.- 1.1.6. Aorto-pulmonary window.- 1.1.7. Intracranial arteriovenous malformation.- 1.2. Acquired left-to-right shunts.- 1.2.1. Atrial septal defect.- 1.2.2. Aortopulmonary shunts.- 2. Conotruncal abnormalities.- 2.1. Tetralogy of Fallot.- 2.2. Persistent truncus arteriosus.- 2.3. Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect.- 2.4. Double outlet right ventricle.- 3. Left ventricular outflow obstruction.- 3.1. Aortic valve stenosis.- 3.2. Subvalvular aortic stenosis.- 3.3. Supravalvar aortic stenosis.- 3.4. Coarctation of the aorta.- 3.5. Interruption of the aortic arch.- 3.6. Double aortic arch.- 4. Right ventricular outflow obstruction.- 4.1. Congenital right ventricular outflow obstruction.- 4.1.1. Pulmonary valve stenosis.- 4.1.2. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.- 4.1.3. Peripheral pulmonary artery obstruction.- 4.2. Acquired right ventricular outflow obstruction.- 4.2.1. Pulmonary artery banding.- 4.2.2. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.- 5. Left ventricular inflow obstruction.- 5.1. Congenital left ventricular inflow obstruction.- 5.1.1. Mitral valve stenosis.- 5.1.2. Cor triatriatum.- 5.1.3. Supravalvar mitral ring.- 5.1.4. Pulmonary vein stenosis.- 5.2. Acquired left ventricular inflow obstruction.- 5.2.1. Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis.- 5.2.2. After Mustard/Senning operation.- 6. Right ventricular inflow obstruction.- 6.1. Congenital right ventricular inflow obstruction.- 6.1.1. Tricuspid atresia.- 6.1.2. Tricuspid stenosis.- 6.2. Acquired right ventricular inflow obstruction.- 6.2.1. Tricuspid stenosis.- 7. Assessment of valvular regurgitation and valvular prolapse.- 7.1. Mitral valve.- 7.1.1. Mitral valve prolapse.- 7.1.2. Ruptured chordae tendineae.- 7.1.3. Mitral valve regurgitation.- 7.2. Tricuspid valve.- 7.2.1. Tricuspid valve prolapse.- 7.2.2. Tricuspid valve regurgitation.- 7.3. Aortic valve.- 7.3.1. Aortic valve prolapse.- 7.3.2. Aortic valve regurgitation.- 8. Transposition of the great arteries.- 8.1. d-Transposition of the great arteries.- 8.2. 1-Transposition of the great arteries, with ventricular inversion.- 8.3. d-Transposition of the great arteries after hemodynamic correction.- 8.4. d-Transposition of the great arteries after anatomic correction.- 9. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return.- 9.1. Supracardiac TAPVR.- 9.2. Cardiac TAPVR.- 9.3. Infradiaphragmatic TAPVR.- 10. Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve.- 11. Hypoplastic heart syndromes.- 11.1. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome.- 11.2. Pulmonary valve atresia, including the hypoplastic right heart syndrome.- 11.3. Overriding and straddling atrioventricular (AV) valves.- 11.4. Single ventricle.- 11.5. Uhl's anomaly.- 12. Myocardial diseases.- 12.1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).- 12.2. Congestive cardiomyopathies.- 12.3. Double chambered right ventricle.- 13. Pericardial and pleural affections.- 13.1. Pericardial effusion.- 13.2. Cardiac tamponade.- 13.3. Constructive pericarditis.- 13.4. Pleural effusion.- 14. Tumors and thrombi.- 14.1. Cardiac tumors and thrombi.- 14.2. Mediastinal tumors.- 15. Aneurysms.- 15.1. Ventricular wall aneurysm.- 15.2. Aneurysm of the ventricular septum.- 15.3. Atrial septal aneurysm.- 15.4. Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and related pathology.- 15.4.1. Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm.- 15.4.2. Aorto-left ventricular tunnel.- 15.4.3. Ventricular septal defect with aortic regurgitation.- 16. Endocarditis.- 16.1. Bacterial endocarditis.- 16.2. Vegetative lesions.- 16.3. Complications or hemodynamic sequels.- 16.3.1. Flail valve leaflets.- 16.3.2. Annular erosion with abcess formation.- 16.3.3. Left ventricular pseudoaneurysms.- 16.3.4. Mitral leaflet aneurysms.- 16.3.5. Leaflet perforation.- 17. Foreign bodies.- 17.1. Patches.- 17.2. Conduits.- 17.3. Ventriculo-cardiac shunts.- 17.4. Pacemaker wires.- 18. Not commonly visualized cardiovascular structures.- 18.1. Left superior vena cava (LSVC) and coronary sinus.- 18.2. Persistence of right sinus venosus valve.- 18.3. False tendons.- 19. Malformation syndromes with their typical cardiovascular abnormalities and corresponding ultrasonic features.- 19. 1. Trisomy 21 (DOWN) syndrome.- 19. 2. Gonadal agenesis or Turner syndrome.- 19. 3. Noonan syndrome.- 19. 4. Infants of diabetic mothers.- 19. 5. Rubella syndrome.- 19. 6. Tuberous sclerosis.- 19. 7. Williams-Beuren syndrome (supravalvar aortic stenosis with elf-like facies.- 19. 8. Marfan syndrome.- 19. 9. Holt-Oram syndrome.- 19.10. Pompe's disease (type 2 glycogen storage disease).- 19.11. Multiple lentigines or leopard syndrome.- 19.12. Intrahepatic biliary atresia with peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis or Alagille syndrome.- 19.13. DiGeorge syndrome.- 19.14. Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome.- 19.15. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome or Kawasaki disease.- 20. Segmental approach to the diagnosis of congenital malformation and malposition.- 20.1. The atrial situs.- 20.2. The pattern of systematic venous drainage.- 20.3. The pattern of pulmonary venous drainage.- 20.4. Position of cardiac apex.- 20.5. Definition of ventricular morphology and location.- 20.6. Atrioventricular (AV) connections.- 20.7. Identification of great arteries.- 20.8. Assessment of ventriculo-arterial connections.- 20.9. Detection of the aortic arch.- Index of Subjects.