Preface
1. Background and History
Introduction
Ancient Greece
The Roman Republic
Western Europe
England
Church Courts
Advances in Criminology
The United States
World War II
The United Nations
Algeria
Modern Greece
Ireland and the U.K.
The United States in the Civil Rights Era
American Use of Torture Abroad
Researching Torture
Banning Torture
South America
The Convention against Torture
U.S. Reaction to the Convention against Torture
The War Crimes Act of 1996
9/11 and America's Response
Abu Ghraib
The Obama Administration
Chelsea Manning and WikiLeaks
The Future of Torture
References
2. Problems, Controversies, Solutions
How Do We Define Torture?
United Nations
European Commission/European Union
Organization of American States
African Commission
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Summary
Is Torture an Effective Tool?
World War II: Noor Inayat-Khan and the Gestapo
The Korean War
The Vietnam War
The CIA's KUBARK Manual
What Alternatives to Torture Exist?
Should Torture Be Abolished?
Conclusion
References
3. Perspectives
Seeking Freedom and Justice: A Survivor's Story by Fekade Ancho
Torture Survivors as Policy Advocates by Andrea Barron
Torture Is Never Legal by Marjorie Cohn
These Are the Facts about Torture by Sabrina Crews
The CIA's Global Counterterrorism Torture Program, 2001â"2009 by Jonathan Horowitz
Human Trafficking and Terrorist Groups by Elif Isitman
My True Direction by Marissa Quenqua
Systematically Stripped of Dignity by Rebecca Smith
4. Profiles
Gerry Adams
Philip Agee
Amnesty International
Cesare Beccaria
Jay Bybee
Felix Dzerzhinsky
Lynndie England
Gina Haspel
Donald O. Hebb
Innocent IV
Omar Khadr
Pieter (Peter) H. Kooijmans
Chelsea Manning
Juan E. M©ndez
Alberto J. Mora
David A. Passaro
Donald H. Rumsfeld
Alfredo "Scap" Scappaticci
George Wickersham
John Yoo
References
5. Data and Documents
Data
Table 5.1: Treaties against Torture
Figure 5.1: U.S. Attitudes toward Torture (2017)
Figure 5.2: World Attitudes toward Torture (2014)
Documents
Assize of Clarendon (1156)
Heinrich Himmler's Memo on the Third Degree (June 12, 1942)
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (November 4, 1950)
CIA Report on Using Torture to Induce Assassination (January 22, 1954)
CIA Counterintelligence Manual (1963)
Convention against Torture (December 10, 1984)
U.S. Senate Ratification of the Convention against Torture (October 27, 1990)
Memo from John Yoo to William Haynes (January 9, 2002)
Memo from Jay Bybee to Alberto Gonzales (August 1, 2002)
Executive Order 13491: Ensuring Lawful Interrogations (January 22, 2009)
6. Resources
Research Strategies
The Freedom of Information Act
Congressional and Federal Government Reports
U.S. National Archives
State Government Reports
United Nations Documents
Canadian Government Documents
British Government Documents
The Internet Archive/Wayback Machine
Specific Sources
Academic Journals
Governmental and United Nations Reports
Nongovernmental Organizations
Testimony from Torture Survivors
The Interrogators
Torture in the United States and Canada
Torture by United States and Canadian Personnel Abroad (or with Their Cooperation)
Torture in Europe, Africa, and Asia
Studies on Torture
Treaties and UN Resolutions
7. Chronology
Glossary
Index
About the Author