Topics in Applied Physics

Techniques, Materials and Devices

By: Pierpaolo Boffi (Editor), Davide Piccinin (Editor), Maria C. Ubaldi (Editor)

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Hardcover | 23 October 2002

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200 Pages

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24.13 x 16.51 x 1.27

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The aim of this book is to exploit the advantages of holographic technology, namely the high storage capacity and fast access times, in order to implement optical devices for infrared fiber communication applications. The covered methods range from two-lambda to gated recording techniques, all of which can be applied to a variety of materials such as photorefractive crystals and photopolymers. Both techniques and materials are strictly related to the practical realization of signal processing devices, showing their feasibility and discussing their role in a realistic telecoms network. Research scientists, engineers and graduate students will benefit equally from the combined coverage of technological features, optical communications components, and network perspectives.

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OPTICS & PHOTONICS NEWS

"INFRARED HOLOGRAPHY FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS offers readers a panorama of technological features, optical communication devices and network applications. I recommend it in particular to graduate students, researchers and engineers working in optical data storage and communications. Every university library should have on its shelves the entire "Topics in Applied Physics" series."

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Paperback

Published: 1st December 2010

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Review of Optical Data Storage	p. 1
Introduction to Optical Data Storage	p. 1
Compact Discs/Digital Video Discs	p. 2
Magneto-Optical Discs	p. 5
Solid Immersion Lens	p. 5
Holographic Storage	p. 6
Three-Dimensional Bit Optical Storage	p. 8
Three-Dimensional Bit Optical Data Storage	p. 8
Principle of Three-Dimensional Bit Optical Data Storage	p. 8
Single-Photon Versus Two-Photon Excitation	p. 9
Photopolymerization Effect	p. 11
Photobleaching Effect	p. 11
Photochromic Effect	p. 12
Photorefractive Effect	p. 13
Photorefractive Crystals	p. 14
Localized Photorefractive Effect	p. 15
Three-Dimensional Photorefractive Bit Data Storage	p. 16
Conclusions	p. 18
References	p. 18
Two-Step Processes and IR Recording in Photorefractive Crystals	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Early Experiments	p. 24
Two-Step Excitation via Shallow Levels	p. 28
Lifetime of the Holograms	p. 32
Advantages of Infrared Recording	p. 34
Conclusions	p. 37
References	p. 37
Gated Optical Recording for Nonvolatile Holography in Photorefractive Materials	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Gated Recording in Undoped Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate	p. 43
Doped Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate	p. 49
Material Preparation and Characterization	p. 51
Digital Information Storage Experiment in Two-Photon Photorefractive Material	p. 53
Conclusions	p. 56
References	p. 57
Photorefractive Copper-Doped LiNbO₃ Waveguides for Holography Fabricated by a Combined Technique of Ion Exchange and Ion Implantation	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Waveguide Fabrication and Characterization	p. 61
Copper Doping by the Exchange Process	p. 62
Photorefractive Properties	p. 63
Method of Characterization	p. 63
Effects of the Combined Copper and Proton Exchange Conditions	p. 64
Effects of the Fabrication Method and Mg Co-doping	p. 66
Holographic Recording	p. 68
Dynamics of Holographic Recording	p. 68
Diffraction Efficiency	p. 70
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 71
References	p. 72
Two-Photon Optical Storage in Photorefractive Polymers in the Near-Infrared Spectral Range	p. 75
Three-Dimensional Bit Optical Data Storage in a Photorefractive Polymer	p. 75
Experimental Recording System	p. 76
Experimental Reading System	p. 78
Transmission Reading	p. 78
Differential Interference Contrast Reading	p. 79
Pulsed Beam Illumination	p. 79
Multi-layered Data Storage	p. 80
Rewritable Data Storage	p. 81
Bit Characterisation	p. 83
Continuous-Wave Illumination	p. 86
Requirements for Two-Photon Excitation with Continuous-Wave Illumination	p. 86
Continuous-Wave Multi-Layered Data Storage	p. 87
Continuous-Wave Rewritable Data Storage	p. 87
Conclusions	p. 89
References	p. 90
Long-Lifetime Photorefractive Holographic Devices via Thermal Fixing Methods	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
The Photorefractive Effect	p. 92
Photorefractive Fixing Techniques	p. 93
Physical Model for Thermal Fixing	p. 93
Standard Model for LiNbO₃	p. 93
Other Mechanisms	p. 95
Erasure of Fixed Gratings	p. 96
Fixing in Other Materials	p. 96
Mathematical Formulation of the Model	p. 96
General Equations	p. 97
First-Order Equations: Relaxation Modes	p. 98
A Useful Approximate Solution	p. 100
Experimental Data	p. 100
Fixing and Developing Kinetics: Influence of Temperature	p. 101
Diffraction Efficiency of Fixed Gratings	p. 102
Lifetime of Fixed Holograms	p. 102
Optimization of the Fixing Process	p. 103
Volume Holographic Devices	p. 104
Data Storage	p. 104
Very Narrow-Bandwidth Interference Filters and Mirrors	p. 105
Wavelength Demultiplexers	p. 106
Other Devices	p. 106
Waveguide HolographicDevices	p. 106
Summary	p. 107
References	p. 108
Holographic Reflection Filters in Photorefractive LiNbO₃ Channel Waveguides	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Sample Preparation	p. 113
Holographic Recording and Readout	p. 115
Experimental Results	p. 116
Photorefractive Properties	p. 117
Fundamental Filter Properties	p. 119
Hologram Multiplexing	p. 120
Wavelength Tuning and Electrical Switching	p. 121
Long-Term Stability of Fixed Gratings	p. 122
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 126
References	p. 127
Optical Lambda-Switching at Telecom Wavelengths Based on Electroholography	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
The Electrically Controlled Bragg Grating	p. 130
The Physical Basis of Electroholography	p. 134
The Voltage-Controlled Photorefractive Effect in the Paraelectric Phase	p. 134
The Voltage-Controlled Photorefractive Effect in KLTN	p. 137
Assessment of the KLTN Crystal as an Electroholographic Medium	p. 138
The Basic Electroholographic Switch Module	p. 141
The Architecture and Operation of the Basic EH Switch Module	p. 141
The Performance Parameters of the Basic EH Switch Module	p. 143
Applications of Electroholographic Switching	p. 152
The Electroholographic Dynamic Optical Add Drop Multiplexer	p. 152
The Electroholographic cross Connect	p. 153
Conclusions	p. 155
References	p. 155
1550 nm Volume Holographic Devices for Optical Communication Networks	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Building the Optical Communication Network	p. 158
The Optical Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer	p. 159
The Optical Cross-Connect and the Switching Fabric	p. 160
Volume Holography for 1550 nm Optical Device Implementation	p. 160
Recording and Readout of Multiple Holograms	p. 161
Two-Lambda Method	p. 162
Long-Term Lifetime by Thermal Fixing	p. 164
VH-Based Devices for WDM Applications	p. 166
Feasibility of an Optical Wavelength Demultiplexer	p. 166
Feasibility of a WDM-Readable Digital Database	p. 169
Long-Term Reliability of VH-Based Devices	p. 172
High-Dense WDM Device Design	p. 173
Conclusions	p. 176
References	p. 176
Index	p. 179
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Topics in Applied Physics

Techniques, Materials and Devices

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